scholarly journals Relaxed Phylogenetics and the Palaeoptera Problem: Resolving Deep Ancestral Splits in the Insect Phylogeny

2013 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica A. Thomas ◽  
John W. H. Trueman ◽  
Andrew Rambaut ◽  
John J. Welch
Keyword(s):  
Insect Phylogeny

Further Problems in the Interpretation and Homology of the Insect Ovipositor

1964 ◽  
Vol 96 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 405-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. G. E. Scudder
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Organ Formation ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Insect Phylogeny ◽  
Correct Form ◽  
Developmental Capacity ◽  
Mode Of Development ◽  
Dual Origin

AbstractAn attempt is made to re-evaluate the data on the origin of the ovipositor in insects and to explain its mode of development in living forms. Comparative developmental data from other groups of animals is cited to substantiate the claim that part of the insect ectodermal genitalia is appendicular rather than sternal in origin. It is suggested that the primary abdominal segmental appendages have provided a source of competent tissue which through subtle changes in selection, has evolved along many pathways, to form the gonocoxae, the pleuropodia, the pseudoplacenta and perhaps the prolegs in many different taxa.It is shown, by aid of sections through the insect embryo and larval stages, that the primary embryonic segmental appendages on the abdomen, do not differentiate; there is no loss of tissue and it cannot be proven that such appendages have been lost in insect phylogeny. The fact that they are represented still in the modern embryo, indicates that they have been retained. To explain the observable developmental details, it is suggested that abdominal limb histogenesis is arrested or suppressed in normal development, but this limb tissue retains its competence to differentiate. Thus development may be initiated again at a later time in postembryonic life. In this manner, the original limb tissue is available for organ formation in the maturing insect.The study has suggested that the appendages on the eighth and ninth segments of the abdomen initiate but do not complete their development in the polypod embryo. Possibly the potential limb tissue is arrested in development because it has not undergone some vital change as regards its capacity to respond (competence) to an inductor, perhaps the inductor is not available or perhaps it is not available in the correct form.There is evidence to suggest that the developmental capacity of the limb anlagen are reduced with time, so that full limb formation is not possible in postembryonic life: this can explain the development of abdominal coxae in the Thysanura and hence gonocoxae in higher insects. It is noted that should Gustafson's suggestion that the eversible sacs and gonapophyses are homologous with primary segmental genitalic ampullae prove acceptable, then the female ectodermal genitalia in insects would appear to have a dual origin.It is emphasized that the speculation expressed are being subjected to experimental study in an attempt to verify the suggested ontogeny and phylogeny.

scholarly journals Tillyard's Work on Insect Phylogeny

1926 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 92-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Myers
Keyword(s):  
Insect Phylogeny

scholarly journals Incorporating fossils into hypotheses of insect phylogeny

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 69-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica L Ware ◽  
Phillip Barden
Keyword(s):  
Insect Phylogeny

Advances in Insect Phylogeny at the Dawn of the Postgenomic Era

2012 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 449-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle D. Trautwein ◽  
Brian M. Wiegmann ◽  
Rolf Beutel ◽  
Karl M. Kjer ◽  
David K. Yeates
Keyword(s):  
Insect Phylogeny

scholarly journals Multiple large-scale gene and genome duplications during the evolution of hexapods

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (18) ◽  
pp. 4713-4718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zheng Li ◽  
George P. Tiley ◽  
Sally R. Galuska ◽  
Chris R. Reardon ◽  
Thomas I. Kidder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Duplication ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Plant Evolution ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Animal Evolution ◽  
Gene Retention ◽  
Insect Phylogeny ◽  
Genome Duplications ◽  
History Of ◽  
Gene Age

Polyploidy or whole genome duplication (WGD) is a major contributor to genome evolution and diversity. Although polyploidy is recognized as an important component of plant evolution, it is generally considered to play a relatively minor role in animal evolution. Ancient polyploidy is found in the ancestry of some animals, especially fishes, but there is little evidence for ancient WGDs in other metazoan lineages. Here we use recently published transcriptomes and genomes from more than 150 species across the insect phylogeny to investigate whether ancient WGDs occurred during the evolution of Hexapoda, the most diverse clade of animals. Using gene age distributions and phylogenomics, we found evidence for 18 ancient WGDs and six other large-scale bursts of gene duplication during insect evolution. These bursts of gene duplication occurred in the history of lineages such as the Lepidoptera, Trichoptera, and Odonata. To further corroborate the nature of these duplications, we evaluated the pattern of gene retention from putative WGDs observed in the gene age distributions. We found a relatively strong signal of convergent gene retention across many of the putative insect WGDs. Considering the phylogenetic breadth and depth of the insect phylogeny, this observation is consistent with polyploidy as we expect dosage balance to drive the parallel retention of genes. Together with recent research on plant evolution, our hexapod results suggest that genome duplications contributed to the evolution of two of the most diverse lineages of eukaryotes on Earth.

scholarly journals Aligned 18S and Insect Phylogeny

2004 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 506-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl M. Kjer
Keyword(s):  
Insect Phylogeny

scholarly journals Phylogenetic Relationship Between the Endosymbiont “candidatus Riesia Pediculicola” and Its Human Lice Host

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
alissa hammoud ◽  
Meriem Louni ◽  
Dorothée Missé ◽  
Florence Fenollar ◽  
Oleg Mediannikov
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Housekeeping Genes ◽  
Mitochondrial Genes ◽  
Bacterial Symbionts ◽  
Pediculus Humanus ◽  
Molecular Approaches ◽  
Endosymbiotic Bacteria ◽  
Insect Phylogeny ◽  
The World ◽  
Unbalanced Diet

Abstract Background: The human louse is one of the most ancient haematophagous ectoparasites that is related intimately to its host and has been of great concern to public health throughout human history. Previously, Pediculus humanus was classified within six divergent mitochondrial clades (A, D, B, F, C and E). Like all haematophagous lice, P. humanus directly depends on the presence of bacterial symbionts, known as “Candidatus Riesia pediculicola”, to complement their unbalanced diet. In this study, we evaluated the coevolution of human lice around the world and their endosymbiotic bacteria. Using molecular approaches, we targeted lice mitochondrial genes from the six diverged clades and Candidatus R. pediculicola housekeeping genes. Methods: A total of 126 lice were selected for molecular analysis of the cytb gene for lice clade determination. In parallel, four PCR primer pairs were developed targeting three housekeeping genes of Candidatus R. pediculicola: ftsZ, groEL and two regions of the rpoB gene (rpoB-1 and rpoB-2).Results: The endosymbiont phylogeny perfectly mirrored the host insect phylogeny, using the ftsZ and rpoB-2 genes, suggesting a strict vertical transmission and a host-symbiont co-speciation following the evolutionary course of the human louse. Conclusion: Our results unequivocally indicate that lice endosymbiont have experienced a similar co-evolutionary history, and that the human louse clade can be determined by their endosymbiotic bacteria.

scholarly journals Palaeontological and Biological Collections – Bridging the gap

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna Kovar-Eder ◽  
Lars Krogmann ◽  
Michael Rasser ◽  
Anita Roth-Nebelsick ◽  
Laura Tilley
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Land Snails ◽  
Deep Time ◽  
Change Models ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies ◽  
Insect Phylogeny ◽  
Third Dimension ◽  
Taxonomic Studies

Palaeontology and biology are closely related sciences, as are the collections associated with them. Nevertheless there are differences between the two types of collections and the scientific data that they yield with regards to taxonomy, climate and ecology. In order to bridge the gap between the two subjects, it is important to clarify what these differences are and how they can be used to supplement research that addresses future environmental/climatic issues. In biology, valuable traits of the whole organism serve for taxonomy. In the fossil record, a morphospecies concept needs to be used because specimens are mainly preserved fragmentarily and palaeontologists have to take advantage of morphological traits that are often disregarded by biologists. Another difference is that biological objects represent modern time, while the fossil record provides valuable information on a deep time perspective, i.e., in a third dimension. Yet, these two disciplines obviously depend on each other: while biologists provide palaeontologists with information about unfossilised soft parts, palaeontology can help to solve questions about life in the past. Using four current case studies from the Stuttgart Natural History Museum, we provide examples of how biological and palaeontological information stored in museum collections are linterlinked, and particularly how palaeontology can help to solve current and future problems. We also highlight the potential of palaeontological collections and demonstrate the necessity of digitizing large quantities of objects as well as the related basic information. Case studies are: Fossil leaves provide evidence for past atmospheric CO2 levels and climate change, which can be used for climate change models. Fossils help to understand current and future hazards e.g., fossils embedded in tsunami sediments can provide information on how tsunamis affect shelf marine ecosytems. Extensive taxonomic studies of Miocene land snails and the comparison with extant relatives allow the reconstruction of fossil environments. Combined with complementary methods, the biological, geological and meteorological factors controlling these environments can be reconstructed. Phylogenetic studies tell us how life evolved and how organisms have changed through time. An important factor for phylogeny is the time-aspect, such as the splitting of lineages. Phylogenetic trees based on modern taxa can only be validated by fossils. We will present an example of insect phylogeny. Fossil leaves provide evidence for past atmospheric CO2 levels and climate change, which can be used for climate change models. Fossils help to understand current and future hazards e.g., fossils embedded in tsunami sediments can provide information on how tsunamis affect shelf marine ecosytems. Extensive taxonomic studies of Miocene land snails and the comparison with extant relatives allow the reconstruction of fossil environments. Combined with complementary methods, the biological, geological and meteorological factors controlling these environments can be reconstructed. Phylogenetic studies tell us how life evolved and how organisms have changed through time. An important factor for phylogeny is the time-aspect, such as the splitting of lineages. Phylogenetic trees based on modern taxa can only be validated by fossils. We will present an example of insect phylogeny. These case studies not only show how biology and palaeontology are interlinked, but the first three studies are sound examples of how the knowledge of the past helps to understand the present. Furthermore, the first two studies are highly relevant for predicting the future. All of this information can only be used appropriately, if large proportions of data are available that include information on geology and age. For this reason, the Access to Biological Collection Data Extended for Geosciences (ABCD EFG) standard is so important, as it extends the two-dimensional view (Recent) into a third dimension (deep time). Our vision is an integrated modelling of past, present and future scenarios, whether for climate or ecosystem change, or geological hazards. Considering the deep time information, we can model how changes would take place under natural conditions, i.e., without anthropogenic influence. This requires the availability of large data sets of taxonomic information on the EFG level from all over the world.

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