scholarly journals Comparative Phylogenetics of Papilio Butterfly Wing Shape and Size Demonstrates Independent Hindwing and Forewing Evolution

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 813-819 ◽  
Author(s):  
H L Owens ◽  
D S Lewis ◽  
F L Condamine ◽  
A Y Kawahara ◽  
R P Guralnick
Keyword(s):  
Mate Recognition ◽  
Wing Shape ◽  
Batesian Mimicry ◽  
Museum Specimens ◽  
Shape Variation ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
Data Resource ◽  
Size Evolution ◽  
Comparative Phylogenetics ◽  
Shape And Size

Abstract The complex forces that shape butterfly wings have long been a subject of experimental and comparative research. Butterflies use their wings for flight, camouflage, mate recognition, warning, and mimicry. However, general patterns and correlations among wing shape and size evolution are still poorly understood. We collected geometric morphometric measurements from over 1400 digitized museum specimens of Papilio swallowtails and combined them with phylogenetic data to test two hypotheses: 1) forewing shape and size evolve independently of hindwing shape and size and 2) wing size evolves more quickly than wing shape. We also determined the major axes of wing shape variation and discovered that most shape variability occurs in hindwing tails and adjacent areas. We conclude that forewing shape and size are functionally and biomechanically constrained, whereas hindwings are more labile, perhaps in response to disruptive selective pressure for Batesian mimicry or against predation. The development of a significant, re-usable, digitized data resource will enable further investigation on tradeoffs between flight performance and ecological selective pressures, along with the degree to which intraspecific, local-scale selection may explain macroevolutionary patterns. [Batesian mimicry; Lepidoptera; geometric morphometrics; museum specimens.]

The Cheilosia canicularis group (Diptera: Syrphidae): species delimitation and evolutionary relationships based on wing geometric morphometrics

Zootaxa ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 1825 (1) ◽  
pp. 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
JASMINA LUDOŠKI ◽  
LJUBINKA FRANCUSKI ◽  
ANTE VUJIĆ ◽  
VESNA MILANKOV
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Balkan Peninsula ◽  
Wing Shape ◽  
Canonical Variate ◽  
Wing Size ◽  
Shape Variation ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
Mahalanobis Distances ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Upgma Cluster Analysis

A landmark-based geometric morphometric approach was used to assess differences in the size and shape of wing among/within three species of the Cheilosia canicularis group (Diptera: Syrphidae): C. canicularis, C. himantopus and C. orthotricha. Wing size and shape variation was observed from 25, 176 and 41 specimens of C. canicularis, C. himantopus and C. orthotricha, respectively, collected from six localities on the Balkan Peninsula. Significant differences in wing size were obtained among the analysed species and canonical variate analysis showed that wing shape was sufficiently different to allow the correct classification of 73% individuals of C. canicularis, 80% of C. orthotricha and 94% of C. himantopus, and clear delimitation of the species pairs C. canicularis/C. orthotricha and C. himantopus/C. orthotricha. In all analysed species, the consistent sex dimorphism in wing shape was observed indicating that female specimens had shorter and broader wings than males. The UPGMA cluster analysis based on squared Mahalanobis distances revealed close accordance with previously published phylogenetic relationships of these species indicated by allozyme and DNA sequence data analysis. Our results suggested that wing parameters contain useful information in quantification phenotypic variation and identification of species in this challenging group for taxonomy and systematics.

scholarly journals The significance of shared leaf shape in Alseuosmia pusilla and Pseudowintera colorata

Botany ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (7) ◽  
pp. 555-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl G. Yager ◽  
H. Martin Schaefer ◽  
Kevin S. Gould
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Altitudinal Gradient ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Spatially Explicit ◽  
Shape Variation ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
Leaf Characteristics ◽  
Shape And Size

Leaf shape, size, and colour are used by herbivores to identify sources of palatable foliage for food. It is possible, therefore, that an undefended plant might gain protection from herbivores by matching leaf characteristics of a chemically defended species. We demonstrate the use of a geometric morphometric approach to quantify spatial variation in leaf shape and size across populations of Pseudowintera colorata (Raoul) Dandy, and a putative Batesian mimic, Alseuosmia pusilla (Colenso) A. Cunningham. These are unrelated, sympatric species that, to the human eye, bear strikingly similar foliage. Using the Cartesian coordinates of leaf margins as descriptors of leaf shape, we found that in the chemically defended P. colorata, leaves were morphologically distinct from all of the neighbouring species except for the undefended A. pusilla. Alseuosmia pusilla individuals were more similar to neighbouring than to distant P. colorata, and 90% of leaf shape variation in the two species varied similarly across an altitudinal gradient. The data are consistent with Batesian mimicry, wherein the conspicuous characteristic of a defended model is replicated by an undefended mimic across its entire growing range. Our study provides the first detailed and powerful quantitative leaf shape evidence of leaf shape being matched between an undefended plant species to a chemically defended unrelated species across a shared growing range, and highlights the importance of using a spatially explicit morphometric method when investigating leaf shape, especially in relation to plant mimicry.

scholarly journals Ecomorphological Variation in Trithemis (Odonata, Libellulidae) Dragonfly Wings Reconsidered

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman MacLeod ◽  
Benjamin Price ◽  
Zachary Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Sampling Strategy ◽  
Wing Shape ◽  
Image Contrast ◽  
Shape Variation ◽  
Morphometric Data ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
Running Water ◽  
Embedded Image

Abstract The phylogenetic ecology and wing ecomorphology of the Afro-Asian dragonfly genus Trithemis have been investigated previously. Curiously, results reported for the forewing and hindwing shape variation in the latter were, in some ways, at odds with expectations given the mapping of landscape and water-body preferences over the Trithemis cladogram. To confirm these results we conducted a wing-shape investigation of 27 Trithemis species that employed a robust statistical test for phylogenetic covariation, more comprehensive representation of Trithemis wing morphology and a wider range of morphometric data-analysis procedures. Contrary to results published previously, statistical comparisons of forewing and hindwing mean shapes with the Trithemis cladogram revealed no statistically significant pattern of phylogenetic covariation. Moreover, landmark-based and image-based geometric morphometric analysis results, as well as embedded image-contrast deep learning analysis results, all demonstrated that both wings exhibit substantial convergent wing-shape similarities among, and differences between, species that inhabit open and forested landscapes and species that hunt over temporary/standing or running water bodies. Geometric morphometric data and data-analysis methods yielded the worst performance in identifying wing shape distinctions between Trithemis habitat guilds and the direct analysis of wing images using an embedded, image-contrast, convolution (deep learning) neural network delivered the best performance. Bootstrap and jackknife tests confirmed that our results are not artifacts of overtrained discriminant systems or the “curse of dimensionality”. In addition to our conclusions pertaining to Trithemis ecomorphology, the discrepancy between the previous investigation’s results and ours appears to reflect decisions made with regard to the manner in which complex morphological structures are sampled and analyzed. Naturally, results and interpretations of patterns in morphometric data pertain only to the data collected, not necessarily to other aspects of the structures from which those data were collected. For samples of morphologically similar taxa, landmark-based sampling strategies may be effective provided a sufficient number of landmark points distributed across all structures of potential interest exist. However, in a large number of instances analysis of full digital images of the structures under consideration may prove to be a more robust and effective sampling strategy, especially when coupled with analysis via machine learning procedures.

scholarly journals Beyond the carapace: skull shape variation and morphological systematics of long-nosed armadillos (genus Dasypus)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lionel Hautier ◽  
Guillaume Billet ◽  
Benoit De Thoisy ◽  
Frédéric Delsuc
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Guiana Shield ◽  
Shape Variation ◽  
Skull Morphology ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
Skull Shape ◽  
Shape And Size

Background. The systematics of long-nosed armadillos (genus Dasypus) has been mainly based on a handful of external morphological characters and classical measurements. Here, we studied the pattern of morphological variation in the skull of long-nosed armadillos species, with a focus on the systematics of the widely distributed nine-banded armadillo (D. novemcinctus). Methods. We present the first exhaustive 3D comparison of the skull morphology within the genus Dasypus, based on µCT-scans. We used geometric morphometric approaches to explore the patterns of the intra- and interspecific morphological variation of the skull with regard to several factors such as taxonomy, geography, allometry, and sexual dimorphism. Results. We show that the shape and size of the skull vary greatly between Dasypus species, with D. pilosus representing a clear outlier compared to other long-nosed armadillos. The study of the cranial intraspecific variation in D. novemcinctus evidences clear links to the geographic distribution and argue in favour of a revision of past taxonomic delimitations. Our detailed morphometric comparisons detected previously overlooked morphotypes of nine-banded armadillo, especially a very distinctive unit circumscribed to the Guiana Shield. Discussion. As our results are congruent with recent molecular data and analyses of the structure of paranasal sinuses, we propose that D. novemcinctus should be regarded either as a polytypic species (with three to four subspecies) or as a complex of several distinct species.

scholarly journals Monogenean anchor morphometry: systematic value, phylogenetic signal, and evolution

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsung Fei Khang ◽  
Oi Yoon Michelle Soo ◽  
Wooi Boon Tan ◽  
Lee Hong Susan Lim
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Morphological Integration ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
P Value ◽  
Maximum Parsimony Tree ◽  
28S Rrna ◽  
Shape Variation ◽  
Size Evolution ◽  
Shape And Size

Anchors are important attachment appendages that prevent the physical dislodging of a monogenean parasite from fish host gills. Common descent and evolutionary processes have left their mark on anchor morphometry, in the form of patterns of shape and size variation useful for systematic and evolutionary studies. We used a geometric morphometric approach to explore anchor shape variation in 13 Ligophorus (Monogenea:Ancyrocephalidae) species infecting two marine mugilid (Teleostei: Mugilidae) fish hosts (Moolgarda buchanani and Liza subviridis) in the waters off West Peninsular Malaysia. Molecular sequence data from three nuclear markers: 28S rRNA, 18S rRNA and ITS1, were used to infer a maximum likelihood phylogeny to enable visualization of shape evolution in phylomorphospace. For inferring patterns of size evolution in the phylogeny, we used a size measure based on the first principal component of all pairwise Euclidean distances between landmarks. Cluster heat map and principal component analysis showed that anchor shape variation had sufficient systematic information for delimiting 12 of the 13 species. Adams' multivariate K test indicated significant correlation between anchor shape and phylogeny (p-value = 0.0001). We also discovered that characters based on anchor shaft shape, the length between inner and outer root tips and the length between inner root tip and the dent point were more phylogenetically informative than inner and outer lengths, as indicated by a maximum parsimony tree that was better resolved and had major clades congruent with those of the molecular phylogenetic tree. Continuous character mapping of size onto the inferred molecular phylogeny and Rayleigh’s test for departure from directional uniformity in each species’s landmark relative to the ancestor indicated that species infecting M. buchanani generally evolved larger and more robust anchors, while those infecting L. subviridis generally evolved smaller and more delicate anchors. Nevertheless, phylogenetic regression of anchor shape against body size and anchor size showed significant correlation (p-value = 0.02) between anchor shape and size, suggesting morphometric constraints in anchor evolution. Finally, morphological integration analysis revealed tight integration between the root and point compartments within anchors, confirming that the anchor functions as a single, fully integrated module. The present work is supported by the development of integrative analytical tools in the form of a new R package – monogeneaGM. By lowering barriers to data integration and analysis , we aim to encourage the scientific community to collect and contribute morphometric and genetic data from other Ligophorus species, which are essential for developing Ligophorus as a model system for understanding association between patterns of anchor shape size evolution and biodiversity in the Monogenea.

scholarly journals A checklist of Bombyliidae (Diptera) from Mordovia, Russia and variation of wing shape in Bombylius species

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 2147-2156 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARIYA ALEXANDROVNA CHURSINA ◽  
ALEXANDER BORISOVICH RUCHIN
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Interspecific Variation ◽  
Wing Shape ◽  
Allometric Relationships ◽  
Wing Size ◽  
Shape Variation ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
Variation Potential ◽  
Good Discriminator ◽  
First Time

Chursina MA, Ruchin AB. 2018. A checklist of Bombyliidae (Diptera) from Mordovia, Russia and variation of wing shape in Bombylius species. Biodiversitas 19: 2147-2156. A checklist of Bombyliidae (Diptera) of Republic of Mordovia (Russia) is provided, based on material collected from 2008 to 2017. One hundred ninety specimens from 75 localities were collected. Fourteen of the twenty species are listed as belonging to the fauna for the first time. Intraspecific variation and sexual dimorphism in the wing shape of three species of the genus Bombylius Linnaeus, 1758 were investigated using geometric morphometric techniques. The analysis revealed that wing shape is a good discriminator of the species. In addition, significant sexual dimorphism were found: females of two of the three species had larger wings than males. The sex shape differences consisted mainly of сhanges in the placement of the CuA and A1, while interspecific wing shape variation distributed in more dimensions. There was no evidence for allometric relationships relating to sexual dimorphism and interspecific variation. Potential adaptive significance of interspecific and intersex variation in wing size and shape is discussed.

scholarly journals Wing Metric Variation in Aedes aegypti Effect of Altitude on Wing Metric Variation of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in a Region of the Colombian Central Andes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis M. Leyton-Ramos ◽  
Oscar Alexander Aguirre-Obando ◽  
Jonny Edward Duque ◽  
Víctor Hugo García-Merchán
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Fluctuating Asymmetry ◽  
Altitudinal Gradient ◽  
Wing Shape ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Wing Size ◽  
Shape Variation ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Metric Variation ◽  
Shape And Size

AbstractIn mosquitoes of medical importance, wing shape and size can vary with altitude, an aspect that can influence dispersion and, consequently, their vector capacity. Using geometric morphometry analysis, Aedes aegypti wing size and shape variation of males and females was studied in four altitudes in the second-smallest department in Colombia: 1.200 m (Tebaida), 1.400 m (Armenia), 1.500 m (Calarcá), and 1.700 m (Filandia). Wing shape in males (P < 0.001) and females (P < 0.001) was significantly different through the altitudinal gradient; in turn, wing size in males followed the altitudinal gradient (Males R2 = 0.04946, P = 0.0002), Females (R2 = 0.0011, P = 0.46). Wing allometry for males (P < 0.001) and females (P < 0.001) was significant. Likewise, the shape and size of the wings of males (P < 0.001) and females (P < 0.001) had significant fluctuating asymmetry. It is concluded that, in a small scale with an altitudinal variation of 500 meters, it is detected that the size and shape of the wings varied in A. aegypti, principal vector of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika. The fluctuating asymmetry is present in the individuals studied and could be associated with environmental effects caused by vector control campaigns present in some sampling locations.

scholarly journals Monogenean anchor morphometry: systematic value, phylogenetic signal, and evolution

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsung Fei Khang ◽  
Oi Yoon Michelle Soo ◽  
Wooi Boon Tan ◽  
Lee Hong Susan Lim
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Morphological Integration ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
P Value ◽  
Maximum Parsimony Tree ◽  
28S Rrna ◽  
Shape Variation ◽  
Size Evolution ◽  
Shape And Size

Anchors are important attachment appendages that prevent the physical dislodging of a monogenean parasite from fish host gills. Common descent and evolutionary processes have left their mark on anchor morphometry, in the form of patterns of shape and size variation useful for systematic and evolutionary studies. We used a geometric morphometric approach to explore anchor shape variation in 13 Ligophorus (Monogenea:Ancyrocephalidae) species infecting two marine mugilid (Teleostei: Mugilidae) fish hosts (Moolgarda buchanani and Liza subviridis) in the waters off West Peninsular Malaysia. Molecular sequence data from three nuclear markers: 28S rRNA, 18S rRNA and ITS1, were used to infer a maximum likelihood phylogeny to enable visualization of shape evolution in phylomorphospace. For inferring patterns of size evolution in the phylogeny, we used a size measure based on the first principal component of all pairwise Euclidean distances between landmarks. Cluster heat map and principal component analysis showed that anchor shape variation had sufficient systematic information for delimiting 12 of the 13 species. Adams' multivariate K test indicated significant correlation between anchor shape and phylogeny (p-value = 0.0001). We also discovered that characters based on anchor shaft shape, the length between inner and outer root tips and the length between inner root tip and the dent point were more phylogenetically informative than inner and outer lengths, as indicated by a maximum parsimony tree that was better resolved and had major clades congruent with those of the molecular phylogenetic tree. Continuous character mapping of size onto the inferred molecular phylogeny and Rayleigh’s test for departure from directional uniformity in each species’s landmark relative to the ancestor indicated that species infecting M. buchanani generally evolved larger and more robust anchors, while those infecting L. subviridis generally evolved smaller and more delicate anchors. Nevertheless, phylogenetic regression of anchor shape against body size and anchor size showed significant correlation (p-value = 0.02) between anchor shape and size, suggesting morphometric constraints in anchor evolution. Finally, morphological integration analysis revealed tight integration between the root and point compartments within anchors, confirming that the anchor functions as a single, fully integrated module. The present work is supported by the development of integrative analytical tools in the form of a new R package – monogeneaGM. By lowering barriers to data integration and analysis , we aim to encourage the scientific community to collect and contribute morphometric and genetic data from other Ligophorus species, which are essential for developing Ligophorus as a model system for understanding association between patterns of anchor shape size evolution and biodiversity in the Monogenea.

scholarly journals Beyond the carapace: skull shape variation and morphological systematics of long-nosed armadillos (genus Dasypus)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lionel Hautier ◽  
Guillaume Billet ◽  
Benoit De Thoisy ◽  
Frédéric Delsuc
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Guiana Shield ◽  
Shape Variation ◽  
Skull Morphology ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
Skull Shape ◽  
Shape And Size

Background. The systematics of long-nosed armadillos (genus Dasypus) has been mainly based on a handful of external morphological characters and classical measurements. Here, we studied the pattern of morphological variation in the skull of long-nosed armadillos species, with a focus on the systematics of the widely distributed nine-banded armadillo (D. novemcinctus). Methods. We present the first exhaustive 3D comparison of the skull morphology within the genus Dasypus, based on µCT-scans. We used geometric morphometric approaches to explore the patterns of the intra- and interspecific morphological variation of the skull with regard to several factors such as taxonomy, geography, allometry, and sexual dimorphism. Results. We show that the shape and size of the skull vary greatly between Dasypus species, with D. pilosus representing a clear outlier compared to other long-nosed armadillos. The study of the cranial intraspecific variation in D. novemcinctus evidences clear links to the geographic distribution and argue in favour of a revision of past taxonomic delimitations. Our detailed morphometric comparisons detected previously overlooked morphotypes of nine-banded armadillo, especially a very distinctive unit circumscribed to the Guiana Shield. Discussion. As our results are congruent with recent molecular data and analyses of the structure of paranasal sinuses, we propose that D. novemcinctus should be regarded either as a polytypic species (with three to four subspecies) or as a complex of several distinct species.

scholarly journals Wing Shape in the Taxonomic Identifi cation of Genera and Species of the Subfamily Dolichopodinae (Dolichopodidae, Diptera)

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-29
Author(s):  
Mariya A. Chursina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Wing Shape ◽  
Canonical Variate ◽  
Shape Variation ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
Morphometric Characters ◽  
Selective Forces ◽  
Taxonomic Studies

Characters of the wing morphology have signifi cant importance in the systematics and taxonomy of the family Dolichopodidae, but there are only a few studies concerning the variation in wing shape of dolichopodid fl ies. The detailed analysis of interspecifi c and generic wing shape variation can provide data for the taxonomic studies, and understanding of the selective forces shaping wing morphometric characters is important for studying of their pattern of evolutionary change. A geometric morphometric analysis was carried out on 72 species belonging to 5 genera of the subfamily Dolichopodinae in order to determine whether wing shape can be successfully used as a character for taxonomic discrimination of morphologically similar genera and species. Canonical variate analysis based on wing shape data showed signifi cant diff erences among the studied genera and species. Discriminant analysis allowed for the correct genera identifi cation from 74.50% to 91.58% specimens. The overall success for the reassignment of specimens to their a priori species group was on average 84.04%. The detailed analysis of the variation in wing shape in the subfamily and outgroup taxa revealed evolutionary trends, the functional signifi cance of which is discussed.

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