Race, Gender, and the Rape-Lynching Nexus in the U.S. South, 1881-1930

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 616-636
Author(s):  
Mattias Smångs
Keyword(s):  
White Women ◽  
School Attendance ◽  
African American Men ◽  
White Male ◽  
White Female ◽  
Social Force ◽  
Gender Status ◽  
Interracial Sex ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The U.S

Abstract Scholarship has long recognized the centrality of white racial sexual fears in the rhetoric and practice surrounding the lynching of African Americans in the U.S. South in the decades around 1900. The topic has not previously been taken up for systematic study beyond event-level analyses. This article presents theoretical and empirical evidence that whites’ intersecting racial and gender concerns converging in racial sexual fears were conducive to lynching related to interracial sex, but not to those unrelated to interracial sex, under certain conditions. The empirical findings, based on lynchings in 11 southern states from 1881–1930, demonstrate that lynchings related to interracial sex were more likely to occur in contexts characterized by higher levels of white female dependents residing with white male householders, higher levels of white female school attendance, and higher levels of adult black male literacy. These findings suggest that interracial sex-related lynching served to recover and retain white men’s racial and gender status, which postbellum developments had undermined, by oppressing not only African American men and women but disempowering white women as well. White racial sexual fears during the lynching era should, therefore, be seen as constituting a social force in their own right with long-term consequences for race and gender relations and inequalities.

Racial minorities’ attitudes toward interracial couples: An intersection of race and gender

2020 ◽  
pp. 136843021989948
Author(s):  
Roxie Chuang ◽  
Clara Wilkins ◽  
Mingxuan Tan ◽  
Caroline Mead
Keyword(s):  
Asian American ◽  
Black Male ◽  
White Women ◽  
White Male ◽  
Racial Minorities ◽  
White Female ◽  
Interracial Couples ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
And Gender

Four studies examined racial minorities’ attitudes toward interracial couples. Overall, Asian and Black Americans indicated lower warmth towards interracial than same-race couples. We hypothesized that perceived competition for same-race partners would predict attitudes toward particular pairings. Consistent with predictions, attitudes towards interracial couples varied based on the societal prevalence of particular types of couples. Black American women (but not men) indicated more negative attitudes toward the more common Black male–White female pairing than toward White male–Black female couples. Asian American men (but not women) reported more negative attitudes toward White male–Asian female couples than toward Asian male–White female couples. Furthermore, perceived competition with White men predicted Asian American men’s attitudes toward White male–Asian female couples. Perceived competition with White women drove Black women’s attitudes toward Black male–White female couples. This research highlights the importance of adopting an intersectional approach (examining both race and gender) to understand attitudes toward interracial couples.

Impoliteness in hip-hop music

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panagiotis Delis
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Black Male ◽  
Hip Hop ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
White Male ◽  
White Female ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
The Social ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
And Gender

Abstract The aim of this paper is to examine the functionality of impoliteness strategies as rhetorical devices employed by acclaimed African American and White hip-hop artists. It focuses on the social and artistic function of the key discursive element of hip-hop, namely aggressive language. The data for this paper comprise songs of US African American and White performers retrieved from the November 2017 ‘TOP100 Chart’ for international releases on Spotify.com. A cursory look at the sub-corpora (Black male/ Black female/ White male/ White female artists’ sub-corpus) revealed the prominence of the ‘use taboo words’ impoliteness strategy. The analysis of impoliteness instantiations by considering race and gender as determining factors in the lyrics selection process unveiled that both male groups use impoliteness strategies more frequently than female groups. It is also suggested that Black male and White female singers employ impoliteness to resist oppression, offer a counter-narrative about their own experience and self (re)presentation and reinforce in group solidarity.

Miscegenated Whiteness: Rebecca Harding Davis, the "Civil-izing" War, and Female Racism

2002 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Knadler
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
New England ◽  
White Women ◽  
Female Sexuality ◽  
White Female ◽  
Sentimental Fiction ◽  
The Public ◽  
Racial Ideologies ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender

This essay examines Rebecca Harding Davis's resistance to the Civil War discourse in the Atlantic Monthly in order to complicate the relation between nineteenth-century racism and sentimental fiction. While much revisionary work has been done on nineteenth-century women'sfiction and how it reinforced racial ideologies, the misleading question often asked is whether white women did or did not participate in the public arena of race. Yet this initial framing of the question denies the alternative possibility: that white women might have engaged in their own gendered forms of racial activity, or in a "female racism" (to use Vron Ware's term), that did not correspond to or act in complicity with a racism that is by default seen as public and masculine. By imagining her heroine as a "woman from the border" inWaiting for the Verdict (1868), Davis works to oppose and overturn a particular regional and gender-based inscription of whiteness that was being disseminated amid the war crises as an emergent New England-based national identity. In contrast, Davis creates a particular feminine and liminal version of white racial power, or a "miscegenated whiteness." But this fantasy of an imagined national community based on the "white mulatto" finally undoes itself in the novel's moments of narrative crises about a free and open female sexuality, and Davis'snovel seeks to restore the white female body to its "purity."

scholarly journals Little race or gender bias in an experiment of initial review of NIH R01 grant proposals

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick S. Forscher ◽  
William Taylor Laimaka Cox ◽  
Markus Brauer ◽  
Patricia G. Devine
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Model ◽  
Gender Bias ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Black Male ◽  
White Male ◽  
Principal Investigator ◽  
White Female ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Grant Proposals ◽  
And Gender

Many granting agencies allow reviewers to know the identity of a proposal’s Principal Investigator (PI), which opens the possibility that reviewers discriminate on the basis of PI race and gender. We investigated this experimentally with 48 NIH R01 grant proposals, representing a broad spectrum of NIH-funded science. We modified PI names to create separate White male, White female, Black male, and Black female versions of each proposal, and 412 scientists each submitted initial reviews for three proposals. We find little to no race or gender bias in initial R01 evaluations, and additionally find that any bias that might have been present must be negligible in size. This conclusion was robust to a wide array of statistical model specifications. Pragmatically important bias may be present in other aspects of the granting process, but our evidence suggests that it is not present in the initial round of R01 reviews.

Racial, ethnic, and gender diversity of applicants and matriculants to neurological surgery residency programs

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Edwin Nieblas-Bedolla ◽  
Fatima El-ghazali ◽  
Saman Qadri ◽  
John R. Williams ◽  
Nabiha Quadri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
African American Women ◽  
White Women ◽  
African American Men ◽  
White Men ◽  
Residency Programs ◽  
Asian Men ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Neurological Surgery ◽  
Ethnicity And Gender

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to identify trends in the demographic constitution of applicants and matriculants to neurological surgery based on race, ethnicity, and gender. METHODS The authors conducted a cross-sectional study using compiled demographic data obtained from the Association of American Medical Colleges. Trends analyzed included proportional changes in race, ethnicity, and gender of applicants and matriculants to neurosurgical residency programs from academic years 2010–2011 to 2018–2019. RESULTS A total of 5100 applicants and 2104 matriculants to neurosurgical residency programs were analyzed. No significant change in the percentage of overall women applicants (+0.3%, 95% CI −0.7% to 1.3%; p = 0.77) or in the percentage of women matriculants (+0.3%, 95% CI −2.2% to 2.9%; p = 0.71) was observed. For applicants, no change over time was observed in the percentages of American Indian or Alaska Native (AI/AN) men (0.0%, 95% CI −0.3% to 0.3%; p = 0.65); Asian men (−0.1%, 95% CI −1.2% to 1.1%; p = 0.97); Black or African American men (−0.2%, 95% CI −0.7% to 0.4%; p = 0.91); Hispanic, Latino, or of Spanish Origin men (+0.4%, 95% CI −0.8% to 1.7%; p = 0.26); White men (+0.5%, 95% CI −2.1% to 3.0%; p = 0.27); Asian women (+0.1,% 95% CI −0.9% to 1.1%; p = 0.73); Black or African American women (0.0%, 95% CI −0.6% to 0.5%; p = 0.30); Hispanic, Latino, or of Spanish Origin women (0.0%, 95% CI −0.4% to 0.4%; p = 0.71); and White women (+0.3%, 95% CI −1.1% to 1.7%; p = 0.34). For matriculants, no change over time was observed in the percentages of AI/AN men (0.0%, 95% CI −0.6% to 0.6%; p = 0.56); Asian men (0.0%, 95% CI −2.7% to 2.7%; p = 0.45); Black or African American men (−0.3%, 95% CI −1.4% to 0.8%; p = 0.52); Hispanic, Latino, or of Spanish Origin men (+0.6%, 95% CI −0.8 to 2.0%; p = 0.12); White men (−1.0%, 95% CI −5.3% to 3.3%; p = 0.92); Asian women (+0.1%, 95% CI −1.3% to 1.5%; p = 0.85); Black or African American women (0.0%, 95% CI −0.6% to 0.7%; p = 0.38); Hispanic, Latino, or of Spanish Origin women (−0.1%, 95% CI −0.7% to 0.5%; p = 0.46); and White women (+0.3%, 95% CI −2.4% to 3.0%; p = 0.70). CONCLUSIONS Despite efforts to diversify the demographic constitution of incoming neurosurgical trainees, few significant advances have been made in recent years. This study suggests that improved strategies for recruitment and cultivating early interest in neurological surgery are required to further increase the diversification of future cohorts of neurosurgical trainees.

The link between stereotypical leader traits and perceived electability: Do Black women politicians face double jeopardy?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Elizabeth Mosier ◽  
Evava Pietri
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
White Women ◽  
White Male ◽  
White Men ◽  
Political Polarization ◽  
White Female ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Double Jeopardy ◽  
Leader Traits ◽  
Voting Intentions

This paper examined whether Black women political candidates face double jeopardy in voter perceptions of electability due to Black women being perceived as having fewer traditional leader traits compared to White male, White female, and Black male candidates. Due to increasing political polarization in the U.S., concerns over electability are at the forefront of many voters’ minds when casting their ballots. Traditional conceptions of electability are built upon racialized and gendered notions of what traits connote an effective leader; thus, women and racial minority candidates are often perceived as less electable compared to White men. However, research has not adequately examined the intersectional aspect of electability bias. The current study proposed a double jeopardy effect: we expected that participants (n = 454) would perceive Black women, compared to White men, White women, and Black men, as lower in competence and leadership ability, which would lead to lower electability perceptions and voting intentions. Unexpectedly, there were mixed findings for the effects of race/gender on competence and leadership ability, and we did not find any evidence that candidate race/gender related to electability or voting intentions. We discuss potential explanations for these null findings and suggest avenues for future research.

Racial and Gender Biases in Magazine Advertising

1997 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 627-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Plous ◽  
Dominique Neptune
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Female Body ◽  
White Women ◽  
White Men ◽  
White Female ◽  
Male Body ◽  
Black Females ◽  
Gender Biases ◽  
Predatory Animal ◽  
And Gender

Recent evidence suggests that racial and gender biases in magazine advertisements may be increasing. To explore this possibility, a content analysis was performed on 10 years of fashion advertisements drawn from magazines geared toward White women, Black women, or White men ( N = 1,800 advertisements from 1985–1994). The results indicated that (a) except for Black females in White women's magazines, African Americans were underrepresented in White magazines; (b) female body exposure was greater than male body exposure, and White female body exposure rose significantly during the 10 years; (c) White women were shown in low-status positions nearly twice as often as were other models; and (d) Black women wore the majority of animal prints, most of which were patterned after a predatory animal. These findings suggest that racial and gender biases in magazine advertising persisted, and in some cases increased, between the mid-1980s and mid-1990s.

Settler Colonialism and U.S. Home Missions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Smith
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
White Women ◽  
Settler Colonialism ◽  
The United States ◽  
Racial Uplift ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Missionary Movement ◽  
Political Economies ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The U.S

Home Missions in the United States was a white Protestant missionary movement within the geopolitical borders of the U.S. empire—both its contiguous states as well as its colonial territories—as they developed and shifted through a long history of U.S. imperial expansion, settlement, and conquest. From the beginning of the 19th century, Anglo-Protestants in the United States became invested in the home missionary movement to secure Christian supremacy on the land that made up their newly forming white settler nation. Home Missions was occupied with both the formation of a sacred homeland and the homes within that homeland. As a dual-homemaking endeavor, home missionary projects functioned as settler colonial technologies of space-making and race-making. They not only sought to transform the land into an Anglo-Protestant possession but also racialized people as foreign to maintain Anglo-Protestant sovereignty over the spaces mapped as a home through colonial conquest. Centering settler colonialism within an analysis of Home Missions denaturalizes home and foreign as taken-for-granted spatial categories by considering them colonial significations. Home Missions sought to remake conquered territory habitable for Anglo-Protestant settlement, using the concepts home and foreign to govern people differently within that conquered territory. Gaining prominence in the postbellum United States, women’s societies for Home Missions cooperated across multiple Protestant denominations and between multiple missionary sites across the U.S. empire in forming a transcolonial network aimed at uplifting the homes of the nation. These colonial sites included missions to “Indians,” “Negroes,” “City Immigrants,” “Orientals,” “Mountaineers,” “Loggers,” “Porto Rico,” “Alaska,” and more. White women entered new public spheres by making the racial uplift of homes across the nation a practice of imperial domesticity. Women in Home Missions sought to create subject citizens of the U.S. nation by shaping the habits, tendencies, and racial constitution of people through the cultivation and management of Christian homes. Homes were spaces of both racial uplift and the maintenance of racial purity. Thus, missionaries were not only preoccupied with making Christian citizens for the nation but were also concerned with maintaining racial distinctions characteristic of the anxieties of U.S. colonial governance at the turn of the 20th century. Through Home Missions, Anglo-Protestants participated in an imperial process that sought to transform the land and its inhabitants while also forming racializations, gender systems, and political economies that mapped onto an imaginary in which a particular vision of settled homes/homeland occupied a central analytic. By treating “home” in Home Missions as a critical category, one is able to reconsider the maneuverings of religion, empire, nation, race and gender/sexuality within the context of settler colonial conquest, possession, and settlement.

“Unlike Men, The Diamonds Linger:” Bassey and Bond Beyond the Theme Song

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meenasarani Linde Murugan
Keyword(s):  
White Women ◽  
White Male ◽  
Women's Voices ◽  
James Bond ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Mixed Race Identity ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Race Identity ◽  
Politics Of Race ◽  
And Gender

This chapter directs attention to Shirley Bassey’s voice as both constituting and contesting the white male gaze of the James Bond franchise. I consider Bassey in relation to the politics of race and gender as she sonically invokes a long tradition of racial mimicry by both black and white women singers. Bassey furthers this tradition in that her influence can be traced beyond her various theme songs for the Bond films in the more recent performances by white artists. As Bassey’s Welsh and mixed-race identity gives a different contour to our understanding of what and who constitutes “Britishness,” her synecdochal relationship to the James Bond film series also allows us to reconsider the possibilities for black women’s voices in cinema.

Abstract WP405: Age, Race, and Gender Disparities in Door to Needle Time: A Single Center Joint Commission Certified Comprehensive Stroke Center Experience

Stroke ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kari D Moore ◽  
Peter Rock ◽  
Wei LIU ◽  
Jignesh Shah ◽  
Elizabeth Wise ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Outcomes ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
White Male ◽  
Hemorrhagic Transformation ◽  
Joint Commission ◽  
White Female ◽  
Stroke Severity ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Discharge Disposition ◽  
And Gender

Introduction: Functional outcomes and quality of life are known benefits of Activase treatment in acute ischemic stroke (AIS), however, benefit is highly time dependent. Prior studies demonstrate that women and black patients with AIS are less likely to be treated with Activase in < 60 minutes. Utilization of best practice strategies identified in Target Stroke I & II has been an ongoing process improvement initiative at our facility since 2009. Purpose: Our goal was to understand if disparities in Door to Needle Time (DTNT) exist by age, race, or gender at our Joint Commission certified CSC with utilization of best practice strategies. Methods: A retrospective chart analysis with comparison of average DTNT by age, race and gender was performed on all AIS patients receiving Activase in our CSC from 2009-2015 (n=297). Differences in DTNT were analyzed using Student’s t-tests, ANOVA, and linear regression. Results: Median DTNT for all patients was 56 minutes (Male 58, Female 56, Black 61, and White 56). Average DTNT by age did not show any significant correlation with a R 2 =0.003 (F:0.98 p=0.322). Additionally, there were no significant differences among classified age categories (18-55, 56-80, 81-90, 91+; p=0.50). Average DTNT for females and males were observed to be 62.6 (95% CI 58.6-66.7) and 61.0 (95% CI 57.1-65.0), (p=0.57). Average DTNT for Blacks and Whites were observed to be 64.9 (95% CI 56.8-73.0) and 61.1 (95% CI 58.1-64.2), (p=0.35). Further analysis of gender by race classification demonstrated no significant differences in average DTNT (Black-Female 66.7, Black-Male 64.0, White-Female 62.1, White-Male 60.4 - F:0.44 p=0.73). Conclusion: No disparities in DTNT were found for age, race or gender at our CSC from 2009-2015. Target Stroke may have contributed to the absence of disparities. Comparison of DTNTs by age, race and gender before and after instituting Target Stroke at our CSC, other certified centers, and non-certified centers, is planned for our region. Further analyses will include arrival mode, payer source, stroke severity on arrival, off hour presentation, symptomatic hemorrhagic transformation rates, functional outcomes, and discharge disposition.

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