scholarly journals Work–family reconciliation policies and women’s and mothers’ labor market outcomes in rich democracies

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Brady ◽  
Agnes Blome ◽  
Julie A Kmec
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Parental Leave ◽  
Labor Market Outcomes ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Work Family ◽  
Market Consequences ◽  
Reconciliation Policies

Abstract Prominent research has claimed that work–family reconciliation policies trigger ‘tradeoffs’ and ‘paradoxes’ in terms of gender equality with adverse labor market consequences for women. These claims have greatly influenced debates regarding social policy, work, family and gender inequality. Motivated by limitations of prior research, we analyze the relationship between the two most prominent work–family reconciliation policies (paid parental leave and public childcare coverage) and seven labor market outcomes (employment, full-time employment, earnings, full-time earnings, being a manager, being a lucrative manager and occupation percent female). We estimate multilevel models of individuals nested in a cross-section of 21 rich democracies near 2005, and two-way fixed effects models of individuals nested in a panel of 12 rich democracies over time. The vast majority of coefficients for work–family policies fail to reject the null hypothesis of no effects. The pattern of insignificance occurs regardless of which set of models or coefficients one compares. Moreover, there is as much evidence that significantly contradicts the ‘tradeoff hypothesis’ as is consistent with the hypothesis. Altogether, the analyses undermine claims that work–family reconciliation policies trigger trade-offs and paradoxes in terms of gender equality with adverse labor market consequences for women.

scholarly journals Work-Family Reconciliation Policies and Women's and Mothers' Labor Market Outcomes in Rich Democracies

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Brady ◽  
Agnes Blome ◽  
Julie A. Kmec
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Parental Leave ◽  
Labor Market Outcomes ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Work Family ◽  
Market Consequences ◽  
Reconciliation Policies

Prominent research has claimed that work-family reconciliation policies trigger “tradeoffs” and “paradoxes” in terms of gender equality with adverse labor market consequences for women. These claims have greatly influenced debates regarding social policy, work, family, and gender inequality. Motivated by limitations of prior research, we analyze the relationship between the two most prominent work-family reconciliation policies (paid parental leave and public childcare coverage) and seven labor market outcomes (employment, full-time employment, earnings, full-time earnings, being a manager, being a lucrative manager, and occupation percent female). We estimate multi-level models of individuals nested in a cross-section of 21 rich democracies near 2005, and two-way fixed effects models of individuals nested in a panel of 12 rich democracies over time. The vast majority of coefficients for work-family policies fail to reject the null hypothesis of no effects. The pattern of insignificance occurs regardless of which set of models or coefficients one compares. Moreover, there is as much evidence that significantly contradicts the “tradeoff hypothesis” as is consistent with the hypothesis. Altogether, the analyses undermine claims that work-family reconciliation policies trigger tradeoffs and paradoxes in terms of gender equality with adverse labor market consequences for women.

scholarly journals Did the Affordable Care Act Young Adult Provision Affect Labor Market Outcomes? Analysis Using Tax Data

ILR Review ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 1154-1178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley Heim ◽  
Ithai Lurie ◽  
Kosali Simon
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Young Adult ◽  
Affordable Care Act ◽  
Labor Market Outcomes ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The Affordable Care Act ◽  
The Impact

Using a data set of US tax records spanning 2008 to 2013, the authors study the impact of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) young adult dependent coverage requirement on labor market–related outcomes, including measures of employment status, job characteristics, and postsecondary education. They find that the ACA provision did not result in substantial changes in labor market outcomes. Results show that employment and self-employment are not statistically significantly affected. Although some evidence supports the increased likelihood of young adults earning lower wages, not receiving fringe benefits, enrolling as full-time or graduate students, and young men being self-employed, the magnitudes imply extremely small impacts on these outcomes in absolute terms and when compared to other estimates in the literature. The authors find these results to be consistent with health insurance being less salient to young adults, compared to other populations, when making labor market decisions.

Incarcerated Mothers’ Labor Market Outcomes

2016 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haeil Jung ◽  
Robert J. LaLonde
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Foster Care ◽  
Time Constant ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Labor Market Outcomes ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Incarcerated Mothers ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Fixed Effects Models ◽  
The Difference

This study investigates how motherhood and foster care records of their children influence women’s transitions into the labor market after incarceration. Our fixed effects models examine the relative progress of incarcerated mothers in earnings and employment after incarceration, accounting for the difference between mothers and women without children and controlling for time-constant individual characteristics. Our analysis indicates that incarcerated mothers make impressive progress in quarterly employment during the second and third year after incarceration. Most of these increases are from mothers whose children started, but did not resolve, foster care before incarceration.

scholarly journals Gender Imbalances and Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from Large-Scale Mexican Migration

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Conover ◽  
Melanie Khamis ◽  
Sarah Pearlman
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Developing Country ◽  
International Migration ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Gender Wage Gap ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Labor Market Outcomes ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Female Ratio

Abstract We study the consequences of international migration on labor market outcomes in a developing country. Specifically, we look at the case of Mexico, where large-scale international migration has led to significant declines in the male/female ratio. We explore whether this results in Mexican women entering high-skilled and better paying jobs over time. This question is relevant since there has been an increase in women's education and labor force participation across the developing world, but less evidence of improvements in the gender wage gap. Using an instrumental variables strategy that relies on historical migration patterns, we find that when there are relatively fewer men, women are more likely to work, have high-skilled jobs, and some earn higher wages. These results are robust to the inclusion of state, age group, and year fixed effects, and to different measures of migration and data sources. We explore investments in human capital as a key mechanism. We find that the gains in schooling are concentrated among women with the same average level of education of the men who migrate. From an aggregate perspective, these improvements in job type and wages are important given that higher female income may benefit the status, education, and health of both women and children, which in turn increases a country's development and growth. Our findings are among the few that show some movement toward improvements in the gender wage gap in a developing country setting.

scholarly journals FEATURES OF FAMILY POLICY IN EUROPE

2020 ◽  
pp. 65-72
Author(s):  
Svitlana Batychenko
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Family Policy ◽  
Parental Leave ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The State ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Full Time

Goal. Analysis of the peculiarities of family policy in European countries, such as France, Sweden, Germany, Great Britain. Method. The study is based on general scientific methods, namely, analysis and synthesis, descriptive, analytical. And also socio-geographical - comparative-geographical. Results. Family policy in European countries focuses on the life position of young people, promotes gender equality, creates opportunities to combine work, education and family activities through a well-developed infrastructure. The establishment of the modern family model in which both parents work and the expansion of public education and services for children and families reduce relatively high child poverty, create new jobs in services, and reduce social inequality. Although European countries pursue a common family-gender strategy, they also have their own traditional model of family protection. The Scandinavian model is characterized by comprehensive support for working parents with young children (under the age of three) through a combination of material mechanisms, holidays and wide access to childcare facilities. An important aspect is the policy of gender equality and women's integration in the labor market. The main source of funding for family policy - taxes. Anglo-Saxon - is characterized by deliberately less financial support from families by the state, giving priority to low-income families. The main idea is the non-interference of the state in family and marriage processes and ensuring the well-being of families through the general development of the welfare of society. "Napoleonic" - use intangible forms of support: tax benefits, targeted loans. France has the highest level of state support for families with children and support for working women. The principle of subsidiary security is professed. Taxes and financial contributions are used. The German fiscal system does not encourage couples to work equally, as the tax burden on domestic work is much higher for two full-time employees. Parental leave allows mothers to leave the labor market for up to three years for one child. Scientific novelty. Analysis and comparison of family policy features in European countries. Practical significance. Implementation of family policy measures in domestic practice based on the experience of European countries, choosing the most successful option. The best option is to improve the demographic situation in the country.

scholarly journals The Moderation of Obesity Penalty on Job Market Outcomes by Employment Efforts

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (16) ◽  
pp. 2974
Author(s):  
Rosemary Ahn ◽  
Tae Hyun Kim ◽  
Euna Han
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Job Training ◽  
Labor Market Outcomes ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Training Experience ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Dependent Variables

The current study explores the moderation of the relationship between obesity and labor market outcomes by direct employment efforts such as job hunting and job training of young adults. The study used data provided by the Korean Education and Employment Panel, a longitudinal data survey comprising middle and high school students from 2004 to 2015. Two dependent variables were assessed in this study: employment status and wage. The individual-level fixed effects were controlled. Despite having more direct employment efforts of either or both experience in job hunting and job training, compared to normal-weight counterparts, underweight men and overweight and obese women were reported to have a disadvantage in both dependent variables. Underweight men with job training experience were 12.02% less likely to be employed, while overweight and obese men had 6.80 times higher monthly wages when job training experience was accompanied compared to no such experience. For overweight and obese women, compared to that of their normal-weight counterparts, employment probability decreased by 4.78% per week-increase in job hunting, by 2.81% if any experience in job hunting. For underweight women, compared to that of their normal-weight counterparts, employment probability increased by 4.56 times per week-increase in job hunting and by 5.59 times if experience in job hunting, and by 6.96% if experience in job training. The results indicate that employment efforts do not fully moderate the presence of obesity penalty for labor market outcomes on those early in their careers.

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