scholarly journals Reconciling Psychological and Neuroscientific Accounts of Reduced Motivation in Aging

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Soutschek ◽  
Alexandra Bagaïni ◽  
Todd A Hare ◽  
Philippe N Tobler
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Goal Orientation ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Reward Seeking ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Frontopolar Cortex ◽  
Independent Analysis

Abstract Motivation is a hallmark of healthy aging, but the motivation to engage in effortful behavior diminishes with increasing age. Most neurobiological accounts of altered motivation in older adults assume that these deficits are caused by a gradual decline in brain tissue, while some psychological theories posit a switch from gain orientation to loss avoidance in motivational goals. Here, we contribute to reconcile the psychological and neural perspectives by providing evidence that frontopolar cortex (FPC), a brain region involved in cost-benefit weighting, increasingly underpins effort avoidance rather than engagement with age. Using anodal transcranial direct current stimulation together with effort-reward trade-offs, we find that the FPC’s function in effort-based decisions remains focused on cost-benefit calculations but appears to switch from reward seeking to cost avoidance with increasing age. This is further evidenced by exploratory, independent analysis of structural brain changes, showing that the relationship between the density of frontopolar neural tissue and willingness to exert effort differs in young versus older adults. Our results inform aging-related models of decision making by providing preliminary evidence that, in addition to cortical thinning, changes in goal orientation need to be considered in order to understand alterations in decision making over the lifespan.

Decision-Making Methods in MIS Outsourcing

2011 ◽  
pp. 134-152
Author(s):  
Jeanette Nasem Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Information Services ◽  
Data Warehouses ◽  
Government Decision ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Decision Making Processes

This chapter commences with a discussion of corporate and government decision-making processes and the management sciences that support development of decisions. Special decision-making considerations, trade-offs analyses, and cost-benefit studies all figure into decisions that result in outsourcing. Technologies that support different methods of decision-making include data warehouses and data mining, rules-based logic, heuristical processes, fuzzy logic, and expert-based reasoning are presented. The chapter presents case studies and current and evolving technologies. The following sections will address the decision-making methods that are used in considering, executing and monitoring outsourced MIS projects or in service lines related to provision of information services in the organization.

scholarly journals Music-Based Intervention Connects Auditory and Reward Systems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milena Aiello Quinci ◽  
Alexander Belden ◽  
Valerie Goutama ◽  
Dayang Gong ◽  
Suzanne Hanser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Behavioral Interventions ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Network Connectivity ◽  
Neural Mechanism ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Music Listening ◽  
Reward Systems ◽  
Post Intervention

Abstract Listening to pleasurable music is known to engage the brain’s reward system. This has motivated many cognitive-behavioral interventions for healthy aging, but little is known about the effects of music-based intervention (MBI) on plasticity of the cognitive and reward systems. Here we show preliminary evidence that brain network connectivity can change after receptive MBI in cognitively unimpaired older adults. Using a combination of whole-brain regression, seed-based connectivity analysis, and representational similarity analysis (RSA), we examined fMRI responses during music listening in older adults before and after an eight-week personalized MBI. Participants rated self-selected and researcher-selected musical excerpts on liking and familiarity. Parametric effects of liking, familiarity, and selection showed simultaneous activation in auditory, reward, and default mode network (DMN) areas. Seed-based connectivity comparing pre- and post-intervention showed significant increase in functional connectivity between auditory regions and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC); this auditory-mPFC connectivity was modulated by participant liking and familiarity ratings. RSA showed significant representations of selection and novelty at both time-points, and an increase in striatal representation of musical stimuli following intervention. Taken together, results show how regular music listening can provide an auditory channel towards the mPFC, thus offering a potential neural mechanism for MBI supporting healthy aging.

scholarly journals Resource-rational approach to meta-control problems across the lifespan

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexa Ruel ◽  
Sean Devine ◽  
Ben Eppinger
Keyword(s):  
Age Differences ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Rational Approach ◽  
Control Problems ◽  
Behavioral Strategies ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Better Than

Over the last decade, research on cognitive control and decision-making has revealed that individuals weigh the costs and benefits of engaging in or refraining from control and that whether and how they engage in these cost-benefit analyses may change across development and during healthy aging. In the present article, we examine how lifespan age differences in cognitive abilities affect the meta-control of behavioral strategies across the lifespan and how motivation affects these trade-offs. Based on accumulated evidence, we highlight two hypotheses that may explain the existing results better than current models. In contrast to previous theoretical accounts, we assume that age differences in the engagement in cost-benefit trade-offs reflect a resource-rational adaptation to internal and external constraints that arise across the lifespan.

scholarly journals Cost-benefit trade-offs in decision-making and learning

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. e1007326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nura Sidarus ◽  
Stefano Palminteri ◽  
Valérian Chambon
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Trade Offs

Different cost-benefit analyses in The Netherlands for the European Water Framework Directive

Water Policy ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 746-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. van der Veeren
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Water Framework Directive ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
European Water Framework Directive ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
European Water ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Economic Analyses

Since 2005, several cost benefit analyses have been performed for the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) in The Netherlands. These analyses had in common that they were meant to support the decision-making process by informing policy makers and making the trade-offs as transparent as possible. The analyses also anticipate questions from the Dutch Parliament. Nevertheless, each time the analyses were slightly different, depending on the situation and (political) questions that had to be answered. This article presents the background and the highlights of the various analyses, describes their differences and similarities and tries to find a common thread in the results. Even though the results are barely comparable for a number of reasons, they seem to indicate that such a line exists and that economic analyses have played a role in the decision-making process by making tradeoffs more explicit. This has offered the opportunity for an iterative dialogue with the Dutch Parliament, which contributed to a decision-making process which resulted in a socially accepted programme of measures that is economically sound and transparent.

scholarly journals Testing the Foreign Language Effect on Cognitive Reflection in Older Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1527
Author(s):  
Mariana Vega-Mendoza ◽  
Patrik Hansson ◽  
Daniel Eriksson Sörman ◽  
Jessica K. Ljungberg
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Successful Aging ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Moral Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Reflection Test ◽  
Reasoning Task ◽  
Cognitive Reflection

An increasing number of people around the world communicate in more than one language, resulting in them having to make decisions in a foreign language on a daily basis. Interestingly, a burgeoning body of literature suggests that people’s decision-making is affected by whether they are reasoning in their native language (NL) or their foreign language (FL). According to the foreign language effect (FLe), people are less susceptible to bias in many decision-making tasks and more likely to display utilitarian cost-benefit analysis in moral decision-making when reasoning in a FL. While these differences have often been attributed to a reduced emotionality in the FL, an emerging body of literature has started to test the extent to which these could be attributable to increased deliberation in the FL. The present study tests whether increased deliberation leads to a FLe on cognitive reflection in a population of older adults (Mage = 65.1), from the successful aging project in Umeå, Sweden. We explored whether performance on a 6-item version of the cognitive reflection test (CRT) adapted to Swedish would differ between participants for whom Swedish was their NL and those for whom Swedish was their FL. The CRT is a task designed to elicit an incorrect, intuitive answer. In order to override the intuitive answer, one requires engaging in deliberative, analytical thinking to determine the correct answer. Therefore, we hypothesized that if thinking in a FL increases deliberation, then those performing the task in their FL would exhibit higher accuracy rates than those performing in their NL. Our results showed that age and level of education predicted performance on the task but performance on the CRT did not differ between the NL and the FL groups. In addition, in the FL group, proficiency in the FL was not related to performance in the CRT. Our results, therefore, do not provide evidence that thinking in a FL increases deliberation in a group of older adults performing a logical reasoning task that is not typically associated with an emotional connotation.

Decision-Making Methods in MIS Outsourcing

2008 ◽  
pp. 1355-1368
Author(s):  
Jeanette Nasem Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Information Services ◽  
Data Warehouses ◽  
Government Decision ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Decision Making Processes

This chapter commences with a discussion of corporate and government decision-making processes and the management sciences that support development of decisions. Special decision-making considerations, trade-offs analyses, and cost-benefit studies all figure into decisions that result in outsourcing. Technologies that support different methods of decision-making include data warehouses and data mining, rules-based logic, heuristical processes, fuzzy logic, and expert-based reasoning are presented. The chapter presents case studies and current and evolving technologies. The following sections will address the decision-making methods that are used in considering, executing and monitoring outsourced MIS projects or in service lines related to provision of information services in the organization.

scholarly journals Photosynthesis research: a model to bridge fundamental science, translational products, and socio-economic considerations in agriculture

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (7) ◽  
pp. 2281-2298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajay Kohli ◽  
Berta Miro ◽  
Jean Balié ◽  
Jacqueline d’A Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Gap Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Transformative Power ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Product Acceptability ◽  
Socio Economic Impact

Abstract Despite impressive success in molecular physiological understanding of photosynthesis, and preliminary evidence on its potential for quantum shifts in agricultural productivity, the question remains of whether increased photosynthesis, without parallel fine-tuning of the associated processes, is enough. There is a distinct lack of formal socio-economic impact studies that address the critical questions of product profiling, cost–benefit analysis, environmental trade-offs, and technological and market forces in product acceptability. When a relatively well understood process gains enough traction for translational value, its broader scientific and technical gap assessment, in conjunction with its socio-economic impact assessment for success, should be a prerequisite. The successes in the upstream basic understanding of photosynthesis should be integrated with a gap analysis for downstream translational applications to impact the farmers’ and customers’ lifestyles and livelihoods. The purpose of this review is to assess how the laboratory, the field, and the societal demands from photosynthesis could generate a transformative product. Two crucial recommendations from the analysis of the state of knowledge and potential ways forward are (i) the formulation of integrative mega-projects, which span the multistakeholder spectrum, to ensure rapid success in harnessing the transformative power of photosynthesis; and (ii) stipulating spatiotemporal, labour, and economic criteria to stage-gate deliverables.

scholarly journals Older Adults’ Recognition of Trade-Offs in Healthcare Decision-Making

2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (8) ◽  
pp. 1658-1662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siobhan M. Case ◽  
John O'Leary ◽  
Nancy Kim ◽  
Mary E. Tinetti ◽  
Terri R. Fried
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Healthcare Decision ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Healthcare Decision Making
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