scholarly journals Abatement Strategies and the Cost of Environmental Regulation: Emission Standards on the European Car Market

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias Reynaert
Keyword(s):  
Technology Adoption ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Environment ◽  
Emission Standard ◽  
Emission Target ◽  
Car Market ◽  
Emission Standards ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Eu

Abstract This article studies the introduction of an EU-wide emission standard on the automobile market. Using panel data from 1998 to 2011, I find that firms decreased emission ratings by 14%. Firms use technology adoption and gaming of emission tests to decrease emissions, rather than shifting the sales mix or downsizing. I find that the standard missed its emission target, and from estimating a structural model, I find that the standard was not welfare improving. The political environment in the EU shaped the design and weak enforcement and resulted in firms’ choices for abatement by technology adoption and gaming.

scholarly journals OVERVIEW OF LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS IN ALBANIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 699-704
Author(s):  
Ermira Lleshi
Keyword(s):  
Legal Framework ◽  
Institutional Capacity ◽  
Public Private Partnerships ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Environment ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Eu Directives ◽  
The Eu

Albania has made positive steps in improving the legal framework of Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) and the political environment. The laws have encountered several amendments in the last 10 years, but there is still room for improvement. Albania has incorporated the EU directives and the UNCITRAL recommendations into PPPs legislation and we have to admit the effectiveness of the law 125/2013 “On concessions and public private partnership.” This paper aims to present a view of the actual legal and sublegal framework of PPPs in our country and to note the development of this sector in potential benefits for both sectors, private and public.Moreover, judicial quality has improved in Albania even though there is room for further improvement. Moreover, there has been noticed a strengthening of institutional capacity due to co-ordination of consultants and external advisers, but government agencies are at the early stages of developing PPPs. The political environment for PPPs is favourable, especially in the energy and transport sector. Further improvement is required in the transparency and fairness of procedures in practice.

scholarly journals The European Union’s Activity in Regard to the Conflict in Ukraine Before the 2014 Presidential Election

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-86
Author(s):  
Michał Rulski
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Presidential Election ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Environment ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Association Agreement ◽  
European Neighborhood Policy ◽  
Ukrainian Crisis ◽  
The Eu

Ukraine is the largest country that is included in European Neighborhood Policy. That is why the European Union should spotlight relations with this eastern partner, especially by foreign policy instruments like association agreement. The focus here is on the EU’s involvement in the Ukrainian crisis in period from Maidan revolution at the end of 2013, which was occasioned by the rejection of the association agreement with the EU by President Viktor Yanukovych, and to the presidential election in 2014. The main issue is to evaluate the EU’s scope to stabilize the political environment in the nearby neighborhood and eliminate threats, which are the results of war between Ukraine and Russia.

EU bid tangle may hamper Iceland capital controls exit

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Capital Controls ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Environment ◽  
Eu Accession ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Membership Application ◽  
Accession Process ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Eu

Subject Implications of the Icelandic government's EU missteps for its planned exit from capital controls. Significance The government has sought to make more definite the halt to Iceland's EU accession process, without seeking either parliamentary or popular endorsement of its formal withdrawal of the membership application. It has succeeded in damaging its domestic standing, while still leaving Iceland's EU status unclear. It has also made the political environment more volatile, when stability is needed to facilitate the government's planned exit from the capital controls imposed in the 2008 crisis. Impacts The EU is still seeking clarity on whether Iceland is formally withdrawing its membership application. Strains over the handling of the exit from capital controls could exacerbate other differences within the government. The government's side-stepping of parliament has triggered a broader debate on executive-legislative relations which will continue.

scholarly journals Ethnic Divisions and Production in Firms *

2014 ◽  
Vol 129 (4) ◽  
pp. 1899-1946 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Hjort
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Sharp Increase ◽  
Allocative Efficiency ◽  
Total Output ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Environment ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Plant Uses ◽  
The Cost

Abstract A body of literature suggests that ethnic heterogeneity limits economic growth. This article provides microeconometric evidence on the direct effect of ethnic divisions on productivity. In team production at a plant in Kenya, an upstream worker supplies and distributes flowers to two downstream workers, who assemble them into bunches. The plant uses an essentially random rotation process to assign workers to positions, leading to three types of teams: (i) ethnically homogeneous teams, and teams in which (ii) one or (iii) both downstream workers belong to a tribe in rivalry with the upstream worker’s tribe. I find strong evidence that upstream workers undersupply non-coethnic downstream workers (vertical discrimination) and shift flowers from non-coethnic to coethnic downstream workers (horizontal discrimination), at the cost of lower own pay and total output. A period of ethnic conflict following Kenya’s 2007 election led to a sharp increase in discrimination. In response, the plant began paying the two downstream workers for their combined output (team pay). This led to a modest output reduction in (i) and (iii) teams—as predicted by standard incentive models—but an increase in output in (ii) teams, and overall. Workers’ behavior before conflict, during conflict, and under team pay is predicted by a model of taste-based discrimination. My findings suggest that interethnic rivalries lower allocative efficiency in the private sector, that the economic costs of ethnic diversity vary with the political environment, and that in high-cost environments firms are forced to adopt “second best” policies to limit discrimination distortions.

Las funciones del interregionalismo en la relación UE-CAN

Oikos ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (29) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Olga María Cerqueira Torres
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Present Article ◽  
The Political ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Integration Process ◽  
Association Agreement ◽  
Political Rationality ◽  
Article Analysis ◽  
Andean Community ◽  
The Eu

RESUMENEn el presente artículo el análisis se ha centrado en determinar cuáles de las funciones del interregionalismo, sistematizadas en los trabajos de Jürgen Rüland, han sido desarrolladas en la relación Unión Europea-Comunidad Andina de Naciones, ya que ello ha permitido evidenciar si el estado del proceso de integración de la CAN ha condicionado la racionalidad política del comportamiento de la Unión Europea hacia la región andina (civil power o soft imperialism); esto posibilitará establecer la viabilidad de la firma del Acuerdo de Asociación Unión Europea-Comunidad Andina de Naciones.Palabras clave: Unión Europea, Comunidad Andina, interregionalismo, funciones, acuerdo de asociación. Interregionalism functions in the EU-ANDEAN community relationsABSTRACTIn the present article analysis has focused on which functions of interregionalism, systematized by Jürgen Rüland, have been developed in the European Union-Andean Community birregional relation, that allowed demonstrate if the state of the integration process in the Andean Community has conditioned the political rationality of the European Union towards the Andean region (civil power or soft imperialism); with all these elements will be possible to establish the viability of the Association Agreement signature between the European Union and the Andean Community.Keywords: European Union, Andean Community, interregionalism, functions, association agreement.

Three Looks at German Foreign Policy before September 11: A Landscape Shifts

2002 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 73-81
Author(s):  
Karen Donfried
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
The Political ◽  
German Foreign Policy ◽  
State University ◽  
European Monetary ◽  
Monetary Cooperation ◽  
Policy Decision Making ◽  
The Eu

Wolf-Dieter Eberwein and Karl Kaiser, Germany’s New Foreign Policy: Decision-Making in an Independent World (Hampshire: Palgrave, 2001)Adrian Hyde-Price, Germany & European Order: Enlarging NATO and the EU (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000)Matthias Kaelberer, Money and Power in Europe: The Political Economy of European Monetary Cooperation (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2001)

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