scholarly journals Human Capital Development and Parental Investment in India

2020 ◽  
Vol 87 (6) ◽  
pp. 2511-2541
Author(s):  
Orazio Attanasio ◽  
Costas Meghir ◽  
Emily Nix
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Child Outcomes ◽  
Production Functions ◽  
Parental Investments ◽  
Child Cognition ◽  
Parental Background ◽  
Multiple Measurements ◽  
Early Health ◽  
Capital Development

Abstract We estimate production functions for cognition and health for children aged 1–12 in India, based on the Young Lives Survey. India has over 70 million children aged 0–5 who are at risk of developmental deficits. The inputs into the production functions include parental background, prior child cognition and health, and child investments, which are taken as endogenous. Estimation is based on a nonlinear factor model, based on multiple measurements for both inputs and child outcomes. Our results show an important effect of early health on child cognitive development, which then becomes persistent. Parental investments affect cognitive development at all ages, but more so for younger children. Investments also have an impact on health at early ages only.

scholarly journals Intergenerational Transmission of Educational Attainment in Germany – The Last Five Decades

2009 ◽  
Vol 229 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guido Heineck ◽  
Regina T. Riphahn
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Child Outcomes ◽  
Educational Background ◽  
Access To Higher Education ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
Parental Background ◽  
School Attainment ◽  
The Impact

SummaryOver the last decades the German education system underwent numerous reforms in order to improve “equality of opportunity”, i.e. to guarantee all pupils independent of parental background equal access to higher education. At the same time internationally comparative evidence yields that Germany features particularly low intergenerational mobility with respect to educational attainment. This study investigates the development in intergenerational education mobility in Germany for the birth cohorts 1929 through 1978 with respect to secondary school attainment. We test whether the impact of parental educational background on child educational outcomes changed over time. In spite of massive public policy interventions and education reforms our results yield no significant reduction in the role of parental educational background for child outcomes over the last decades.

scholarly journals The bilingual gap in children's language, emotional, and pro-social development

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah A. Cobb-Clark ◽  
Colm Harmon ◽  
Anita Staneva
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Development ◽  
Language Skills ◽  
Developmental Outcomes ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Production Functions ◽  
Bilingual Children ◽  
Parental Investments ◽  
Dynamic Framework ◽  
Uk Millennium Cohort Study ◽  
The Uk

Abstract In this paper we examine whether – conditional on other child endowments and family inputs – bilingual children achieve different language, emotional, and pro-social developmental outcomes. Our data, which allow us to analyze children's development in a dynamic framework, are extracted from the UK Millennium Cohort Study (MCS). We model the development production functions for bilingual children using cumulative value-added specifications, which account for parental investments and children's own ability. Analysis based on child age confirms that bilingual children initially have worse language skills than their monolingual peers. The commencement of schooling appears to attenuate these differences, and by age seven, bilingual children have a developmental advantage. We find evidence of a positive relationship between bilingualism and some aspects of emotional development, and it is mainly boys who appear to benefit from their bilingual background.

scholarly journals Modeling Effectiveness of Financial Support for the Social Capital Development in Economic Emergence

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 262-270
Author(s):  
Viktoriya Hurochkina ◽  
Svitlana Reshmidilova ◽  
Liudmyla Bohatchyk ◽  
Anatoly Telnov ◽  
Larysa Skorobogata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Direct Calculation ◽  
Simulation Method ◽  
Systemic Effects ◽  
Macroeconomic Factors ◽  
Capital Development ◽  
The Impact

The article explores the components of the system of social capital development in the economic emergence, which focus on the financial provision of social protection and social interaction in professional activities. In order to identify the impact of the effectiveness of the implementation of the country’s social policy on the development of social capital through the achievement of systemic effects (synergistic and emergent), a four-factor model of performance and financial performance has been developed (State social support). The construction proposes an orderly set of rules for the organization and interaction of the constituent elements of the system of social capital development in the economic emergence, where subparticles with integrative relationships and influencing factors are distinguished. The results of the four factor model present a scientific and practical approach to calculating the systemic effect (synergistic and emergent effects) in the form of the results of the implementation of the properties of the system, which could not be predicted by direct calculation of the sum of the components of the system as a whole. Four factor models applied methods for detecting the isolated influence of chain substitution factors and logarithmic methods. The simulation method presented on macroeconomic factors influencing the development of social capital of Ukraine has been tested. The system of conditions for effective budget funding (financial support) for the development of social capital is presented, influencing the increase of positive and negative systemic effects

scholarly journals Macronutrient Intake in Pregnancy and Child Cognitive and Behavioural Outcomes

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 425
Author(s):  
Rachael M. Taylor ◽  
Michelle L. Blumfield ◽  
Lee M. Ashton ◽  
Alexis J. Hure ◽  
Roger Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Infant Development ◽  
Breastfeeding Duration ◽  
Macronutrient Intake ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Child Cognition ◽  
Statistical Relationships ◽  
Child Performance ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Child Cognitive Development

Prenatal nutrient exposures can impact on brain development and disease susceptibility across the lifespan. It is well established that maternal macronutrient intake during pregnancy influences foetal and infant development. Therefore, we hypothesise that macronutrient intakes during pregnancy are correlated with cognitive development during early childhood. The current study aimed to investigate the relationship between maternal macronutrient intake during pregnancy and child cognitive and behavioural outcomes at age 4 years. We analysed prospective data from a cohort of 64 Australian mother–child dyads. Maternal macronutrient intake was assessed using a validated 74-item food frequency questionnaire at 2 timepoints during pregnancy. Child cognition and behaviour were measured at age 4 years using the validated Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, 3rd version (WPPSI-III) and the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBC). Linear regression models were used to quantify statistical relationships and were adjusted for maternal age, education, pre-pregnancy BMI, breastfeeding duration and birthweight. Child Performance IQ was inversely associated with maternal starch intake (b = −11.02, p = 0.03). However, no other associations were found. Further research is needed to explore the association between different types of starch consumed during pregnancy and child cognitive development.

scholarly journals Using a Developmental Test and Electroencephalography to Examine Child Cognition and Its Predictors in Bangladesh (P13-024-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Larson ◽  
Mohammed Imrul Hasan ◽  
Daniel Feuerriegel ◽  
Shamima Shiraji ◽  
Samiha Shabnab ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Child Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Main Trial ◽  
Memory And Attention ◽  
Child Cognition ◽  
Psychosocial Stimulation ◽  
Developmental Test

Abstract Objectives The majority of global health studies use behavioural assessments to measure early child development. Few studies have examined neural indices of cognition using electroencephalography (EEG) in low-income settings. Using data from the Benefits and Risks of Iron Supplementation in Children (BRISC) trial, we examined cognitive development and neural indices of memory and attention in 11 month-old Bangladeshi children and their environmental, socio-demographic, and biological predictors. Methods At 8 months of age, 3300 children were randomized to iron syrup, multiple micronutrient supplementation, or placebo for 3 months. The main trial outcomes include child development measured using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (BSID)-III, anthropometry, haemoglobin, morbidity, and iron indices. EEG is being conducted to measure event-related brain potentials (ERPs) in a random subset of 250 children at 11 months of age. ERPs are measured in response to auditory and visual stimuli, using roving oddball and attention orienting tasks. Generalized linear mixed models estimated the predictors of BSID-derived cognitive development and EEG-derived neural indices of memory and attention. Potential predictors include psychosocial stimulation, anthropometry, haemoglobin, socio-economic status, food security, sex, and parental education. Additionally, we examined correlations between the BSID cognitive scores and EEG-derived neural indices of cognition. Results Preliminary BSID data up to December 2018 indicates that 1749 children have completed measurements at 11 months of age. Psychosocial stimulation was significantly associated with BSID cognitive development scores. ERPs in children at 11 months of age are expected to be completed by May 2019 and relevant results will be presented. Conclusions This study is the first to acquire ERP data in children at 11 months of age in rural Bangladesh. Our findings will identify significant predictors of cognitive functioning measured using the BSID (a well-established developmental test) and using EEG (a sensitive neurophysiological approach) in young children in this setting. Results will indicate the agreement between child cognition outcomes using the BSID and EEG. Funding Sources NHMRC and The University of Melbourne.

scholarly journals Low Altitude UAV Air-to-Ground Channel Measurement and Modeling in Semiurban Environments

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhihong Qiu ◽  
Xi Chu ◽  
Cesar Calvo-Ramirez ◽  
César Briso ◽  
Xuefeng Yin
Keyword(s):  
Communication Systems ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Propagation Channel ◽  
Channel Changes ◽  
Channel Characteristics ◽  
Air Space ◽  
Multiple Measurements ◽  
Low Altitude ◽  
Different Altitudes

Small- and medium-sized unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can fly for a short distance (<2 km) from a control station in a nonsegregated air space (altitudes < 100 m). It is of great interest to model the propagation channel under such condition, where there is an important influence from the environment. This paper presents multiple measurements carried out in low altitudes with a medium-sized UAV flying over a semiurban environment. Path loss exponent is given based on the measurements done at different altitudes and a height-dependent Rician K factor model is proposed. The results clearly reveal the existence of two propagation zones with very distinct channel characteristics. The breakpoint indicates the height where the condition of the channel changes rapidly. At low altitudes, the obstacles generate a large amount of multipath and the propagation is greatly affected, while at higher altitudes the influence mitigates. Our results are useful for the modeling of low altitude air-to-ground (AG) propagation channels and the performance analysis of UAV-enabling AG communication systems, such as the channel capacity and the throughput.

scholarly journals The Effects of Poor Neonatal Health on Children's Cognitive Development

2014 ◽  
Vol 104 (12) ◽  
pp. 3921-3955 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Figlio ◽  
Jonathan Guryan ◽  
Krzysztof Karbownik ◽  
Jeffrey Roth
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
School Quality ◽  
Data Resource ◽  
School Career ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Sibling Fixed Effects ◽  
Early Health ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
School Records

We make use of a new data resource—merged birth and school records for all children born in Florida from 1992 to 2002—to study the relationship between birth weight and cognitive development. Using singletons as well as twin and sibling fixed effects models, we find that the effects of early health on cognitive development are essentially constant through the school career; that these effects are similar across a wide range of family backgrounds; and that they are invariant to measures of school quality. We conclude that the effects of early health on adult outcomes are therefore set very early. (JEL I12, J13, J24)

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