scholarly journals Ectopic Expression of Triticum polonicum VRT-A2 Underlies Elongated Glumes and Grains in Hexaploid Wheat in a Dosage-Dependent Manner

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolai M Adamski ◽  
James Simmonds ◽  
Jemima F Brinton ◽  
Anna E Backhaus ◽  
Yi Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hexaploid Wheat ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Allelic Variation ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Floral Organ ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Triticum Polonicum ◽  
Intron 1

Abstract Flower development is an important determinant of grain yield in crops. In wheat (Triticum spp.), natural variation for the size of spikelet and floral organs is particularly evident in Triticum turgidum ssp. polonicum (also termed Triticum polonicum), a tetraploid subspecies of wheat with long glumes, lemmas, and grains. Using map-based cloning, we identified VEGETATIVE TO REPRODUCTIVE TRANSITION 2 (VRT2), which encodes a MADS-box transcription factor belonging to the SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE family, as the gene underlying the T. polonicum long-glume (P1) locus. The causal P1 mutation is a sequence rearrangement in intron-1 that results in ectopic expression of the T. polonicum VRT-A2 allele. Based on allelic variation studies, we propose that the intron-1 mutation in VRT-A2 is the unique T. polonicum subspecies-defining polymorphism, which was later introduced into hexaploid wheat via natural hybridizations. Near-isogenic lines differing for the P1 locus revealed a gradient effect of P1 across spikelets and within florets. Transgenic lines of hexaploid wheat carrying the T. polonicum VRT-A2 allele show that expression levels of VRT-A2 are highly correlated with spike, glume, grain, and floral organ length. These results highlight how changes in expression profiles, through variation in cis-regulation, can affect agronomic traits in a dosage-dependent manner in polyploid crops.

scholarly journals Increased and ectopic expression of Triticum polonicum VRT-A2 underlies elongated glumes and grains in hexaploid wheat in a dosage-dependent manner

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolai M. Adamski ◽  
James Simmonds ◽  
Jemima F. Brinton ◽  
Anna E. Backhaus ◽  
Yi Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Hexaploid Wheat ◽  
Allelic Variation ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Mads Box ◽  
Long Glume ◽  
Triticum Polonicum ◽  
Intron 1

AbstractFlower development is a major determinant of yield in crops. In wheat, natural variation for the size of spikelet and floral organs is particularly evident in Triticum polonicum, a tetraploid subspecies of wheat with long glumes, lemmas, and grains. Using map-based cloning, we identified VRT2, a MADS-box transcription factor belonging to the SVP family, as the gene underlying the T. polonicum long-glume (P1) locus. The causal P1 mutation is a sequence re-arrangement in intron-1 that results in both increased and ectopic expression of the T. polonicum VRT-A2 allele. Based on allelic variation studies, we propose that the intron-1 mutation in VRT-A2 is the unique T. polonicum species defining polymorphism, which was later introduced into hexaploid wheat via natural hybridizations. Near-isogenic lines differing for the P1 locus revealed a gradient effect of P1 across florets. Transgenic lines of hexaploid wheat carrying the T. polonicum VRT-A2 allele show that expression levels of VRT-A2 are highly correlated with spike, glume, grain, and floral organ length. These results highlight how changes in expression profiles, through variation in cis-regulation, can impact on agronomic traits in a dosage-dependent manner in polyploid crops.One-sentence summaryAn intron-1 rearrangement in the MADS-box transcription factor VRT-A2 leads to its misexpression and defines the long-glume phenotype of Polish wheat (T. polonicum).

scholarly journals Characterization of Two Ethephon-Induced IDA-Like Genes from Mango, and Elucidation of Their Involvement in Regulating Organ Abscission

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 439
Author(s):  
Avinash Chandra Rai ◽  
Eyal Halon ◽  
Hanita Zemach ◽  
Tali Zviran ◽  
Isaac Sisai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Floral Organ ◽  
Cytosolic Ph ◽  
Early Increase ◽  
Encoding Genes ◽  
Fruitlet Abscission

In mango (Mangifera indica L.), fruitlet abscission limits productivity. The INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISSION (IDA) peptide acts as a key component controlling abscission events in Arabidopsis. IDA-like peptides may assume similar roles in fruit trees. In this study, we isolated two mango IDA-like encoding-genes, MiIDA1 and MiIDA2. We used mango fruitlet-bearing explants and fruitlet-bearing trees, in which fruitlets abscission was induced using ethephon. We monitored the expression profiles of the two MiIDA-like genes in control and treated fruitlet abscission zones (AZs). In both systems, qRT-PCR showed that, within 24 h, both MiIDA-like genes were induced by ethephon, and that changes in their expression profiles were associated with upregulation of different ethylene signaling-related and cell-wall modifying genes. Furthermore, ectopic expression of both genes in Arabidopsis promoted floral-organ abscission, and was accompanied by an early increase in the cytosolic pH of floral AZ cells—a phenomenon known to be linked with abscission, and by activation of cell separation in vestigial AZs. Finally, overexpression of both genes in an Atida mutant restored its abscission ability. Our results suggest roles for MiIDA1 and MiIDA2 in affecting mango fruitlet abscission. Based on our results, we propose new possible modes of action for IDA-like proteins in regulating organ abscission.

scholarly journals Gene Expression and Transcriptome Profiling of Changes in a Cancer Cell Line Post-Exposure to Cadmium Telluride Quantum Dots: Possible Implications in Oncogenesis

Dose-Response ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 155932582110198
Author(s):  
Mohammed S. Aldughaim ◽  
Mashael R. Al-Anazi ◽  
Marie Fe F. Bohol ◽  
Dilek Colak ◽  
Hani Alothaid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Quantum Dots ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Cadmium Telluride ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Gene Expression Profiles ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Cdte Qds ◽  
Cadmium Telluride Quantum Dots

Cadmium telluride quantum dots (CdTe-QDs) are acquiring great interest in terms of their applications in biomedical sciences. Despite earlier sporadic studies on possible oncogenic roles and anticancer properties of CdTe-QDs, there is limited information regarding the oncogenic potential of CdTe-QDs in cancer progression. Here, we investigated the oncogenic effects of CdTe-QDs on the gene expression profiles of Chang cancer cells. Chang cancer cells were treated with 2 different doses of CdTe-QDs (10 and 25 μg/ml) at different time intervals (6, 12, and 24 h). Functional annotations helped identify the gene expression profile in terms of its biological process, canonical pathways, and gene interaction networks activated. It was found that the gene expression profiles varied in a time and dose-dependent manner. Validation of transcriptional changes of several genes through quantitative PCR showed that several genes upregulated by CdTe-QD exposure were somewhat linked with oncogenesis. CdTe-QD-triggered functional pathways that appear to associate with gene expression, cell proliferation, migration, adhesion, cell-cycle progression, signal transduction, and metabolism. Overall, CdTe-QD exposure led to changes in the gene expression profiles of the Chang cancer cells, highlighting that this nanoparticle can further drive oncogenesis and cancer progression, a finding that indicates the merit of immediate in vivo investigation.

scholarly journals Function and evolution of allelic variation of Sr13 conferring resistance to stem rust in tetraploid wheat ( Triticum turgidum L.)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baljeet K. Gill ◽  
Daryl L. Klindworth ◽  
Matthew N. Rouse ◽  
Jinglun Zhang ◽  
Qijun Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Rust ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Allelic Variation ◽  
Tetraploid Wheat

scholarly journals A MYBL2 complex for RRM2 transactivation and the synthetic effect of MYBL2 knockdown with WEE1 inhibition against colorectal cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Liu ◽  
Lijuan Guo ◽  
Hongyan Qi ◽  
Meng Lou ◽  
Rui Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Dna Synthesis ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
S Phase ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Dependent Manner

AbstractRibonucleotide reductase (RR) is a unique enzyme for the reduction of NDPs to dNDPs, the building blocks for DNA synthesis and thus essential for cell proliferation. Pan-cancer profiling studies showed that RRM2, the small subunit M2 of RR, is abnormally overexpressed in multiple types of cancers; however, the underlying regulatory mechanisms in cancers are still unclear. In this study, through searching in cancer-omics databases and immunohistochemistry validation with clinical samples, we showed that the expression of MYBL2, a key oncogenic transcriptional factor, was significantly upregulated correlatively with RRM2 in colorectal cancer (CRC). Ectopic expression and knockdown experiments indicated that MYBL2 was essential for CRC cell proliferation, DNA synthesis, and cell cycle progression in an RRM2-dependent manner. Mechanistically, MYBL2 directly bound to the promoter of RRM2 gene and promoted its transcription during S-phase together with TAF15 and MuvB components. Notably, knockdown of MYBL2 sensitized CRC cells to treatment with MK-1775, a clinical trial drug for inhibition of WEE1, which is involved in a degradation pathway of RRM2. Finally, mouse xenograft experiments showed that the combined suppression of MYBL2 and WEE1 synergistically inhibited CRC growth with a low systemic toxicity in vivo. Therefore, we propose a new regulatory mechanism for RRM2 transcription for CRC proliferation, in which MYBL2 functions by constituting a dynamic S-phase transcription complex following the G1/early S-phase E2Fs complex. Doubly targeting the transcription and degradation machines of RRM2 could produce a synthetic inhibitory effect on RRM2 level with a novel potential for CRC treatment.

scholarly journals Molecular Factors and Biochemical Pathways Induced by Febrile Temperature in Intraerythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum Parasites

2007 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 2012-2025 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miranda S. M. Oakley ◽  
Sanjai Kumar ◽  
Vivek Anantharaman ◽  
Hong Zheng ◽  
Babita Mahajan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Profile Analysis ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Febrile Illness ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Sequence Profile ◽  
Host Cell Membrane ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Parasite Survival

ABSTRACT Intermittent episodes of febrile illness are the most benign and recognized symptom of infection with malaria parasites, although the effects on parasite survival and virulence remain unclear. In this study, we identified the molecular factors altered in response to febrile temperature by measuring differential expression levels of individual genes using high-density oligonucleotide microarray technology and by performing biological assays in asexual-stage Plasmodium falciparum parasite cultures incubated at 37°C and 41°C (an elevated temperature that is equivalent to malaria-induced febrile illness in the host). Elevated temperature had a profound influence on expression of individual genes; 336 of approximately 5,300 genes (6.3% of the genome) had altered expression profiles. Of these, 163 genes (49%) were upregulated by twofold or greater, and 173 genes (51%) were downregulated by twofold or greater. In-depth sensitive sequence profile analysis revealed that febrile temperature-induced responses caused significant alterations in the major parasite biologic networks and pathways and that these changes are well coordinated and intricately linked. One of the most notable transcriptional changes occurs in genes encoding proteins containing the predicted Pexel motifs that are exported into the host cytoplasm or inserted into the host cell membrane and are likely to be associated with erythrocyte remodeling and parasite sequestration functions. Using our sensitive computational analysis, we were also able to assign biochemical or biologic functional predictions for at least 100 distinct genes previously annotated as “hypothetical.” We find that cultivation of P. falciparum parasites at 41°C leads to parasite death in a time-dependent manner. The presence of the “crisis forms” and the terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling-positive parasites following heat treatment strongly support the notion that an apoptosis-like cell death mechanism might be induced in response to febrile temperatures. These studies enhance the possibility of designing vaccines and drugs on the basis of disruption in molecules and pathways of parasite survival and virulence activated in response to febrile temperatures.

Functional analysis of a stable transcription arrest site in the first intron of the murine adenosine deaminase gene

1993 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2718-2729
Author(s):  
S F Kash ◽  
J W Innis ◽  
A U Jackson ◽  
R E Kellems
Keyword(s):  
Rna Polymerase Ii ◽  
Adenosine Deaminase ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
First Intron ◽  
Intron 1

Transcription arrest plays a role in regulating the expression of a number of genes, including the murine adenosine deaminase (ADA) gene. We have previously identified two prominent arrest sites at the 5' end of the ADA gene: one in the first exon and one in the first intron (J. W. Innis and R. E. Kellems, Mol. Cell. Biol. 11:5398-5409, 1991). Here we report the functional characterization of the intron 1 arrest site, located 137 to 145 nucleotides downstream of the cap site. We have determined, using gel filtration, that the intron 1 arrest site is a stable RNA polymerase II pause site and that the transcription elongation factor SII promotes read-through at this site. Additionally, the sequence determinants for the pause are located within a 37-bp fragment encompassing this site (+123 to +158) and can direct transcription arrest in an orientation-dependent manner in the context of the ADA and adenovirus major late promoters. Specific point mutations in this region increase or decrease the relative pausing efficiency. We also show that the sequence determinants for transcription arrest can function when placed an additional 104 bp downstream of their natural position.

scholarly journals Immunization with Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Serotype 3 and Lipopolysaccharide Modulates Lung and Liver Inflammation during a Virulent Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection in Mice

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 639-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine H. Restori ◽  
Mary J. Kennett ◽  
A. Catharine Ross
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Acute Phase ◽  
Acute Phase Proteins ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Cytokine Gene Expression ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Pneumonia Severity ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Amyloid A

ABSTRACTVaccination reduces morbidity and mortality from pneumonia, but its effect on the tissue-level response to infection is still poorly understood. We evaluated pneumonia disease progression, acute-phase response, and lung gene expression profiles in mice inoculated intranasally with virulent Gram-positiveStreptococcus pneumoniaeserotype 3 (ST 3) with and without prior immunization with pneumococcal polysaccharide ST 3 (PPS3) or after coimmunization with PPS3 and a low dose of lipopolysaccharide (PPS3+LPS). Pneumonia severity was assessed in the acute phase at 5, 12, 24 and 48 h postinoculation (p.i.) and in the resolution phase at 7 days p.i. Primary PPS3-specific antibody production was upregulated, and IgM binding to pneumococci increased in PPS3-immunized mice. Immunizations with PPS3 or PPS3+LPS decreased bacterial recovery in the lung and blood at 24 and 48 h and increased survival. Microarray analysis of whole-lung RNA revealed significant changes in the acute-phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) levels between noninfected and infected mice, and these changes were attenuated by immunization. SAA transcripts were higher in the liver and lungs of infected controls, and SAA protein was elevated in serum but decreased in PPS3-immunized mice. Thus, during a virulent pneumonia infection, prior immunization with PPS3 in an IgM-dependent manner as well as immunization with PPS3+LPS attenuated pneumonia severity and promoted resolution of infection, concomitant with significant regulation of cytokine gene expression levels in the lungs and acute-phase proteins in the lungs, liver, and serum.

Alteration of floral organ identity in rice through ectopic expression of OsMADS16

Planta ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 217 (6) ◽  
pp. 904-911 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sichul Lee ◽  
Jong-Seong Jeon ◽  
Kyungsook An ◽  
Yong-Hwan Moon ◽  
Sanghee Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Floral Organ ◽  
Floral Organ Identity ◽  
Organ Identity
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