scholarly journals The Pharus latifolius Genome Bridges the Gap of Early Grass Evolution

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng-Fei Ma ◽  
Yun-Long Liu ◽  
Gui-Hua Jin ◽  
Jing-Xia Liu ◽  
Hong Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Evolutionary Significance ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Functional Diversification ◽  
Grass Family ◽  
Grass Evolution ◽  
Grass Genomes ◽  
Cereal Yields ◽  
Rates Of Molecular Evolution

Abstract The grass family (Poaceae) includes all commercial cereal crops and is a major contributor to biomass in various terrestrial ecosystems. The ancestry of all grass genomes includes a shared whole-genome duplication (WGD), named rho (ρ) WGD, but the evolutionary significance of ρ-WGD remains elusive. We sequenced the genome of Pharus latifolius, a grass species (producing a true spikelet) in the subfamily Pharoideae, a sister lineage to the core Poaceae including the PACMAD and BOP clades. Our results indicate that the P. latifolius genome has evolved slowly relative to cereal grass genomes, as reflected by moderate rates of molecular evolution, limited chromosome rearrangements and a low rate of gene loss for duplicated genes. We show that the ρ-WGD event occurred ∼98.2 million years ago (Ma) in a common ancestor of the Pharoideae and the PACMAD and BOP grasses. This was followed by contrasting patterns of diploidization in the Pharus and core Poaceae lineages. The presence of two FRIZZY PANICLE (FZP)-like genes in P. latifolius, and duplicated MADS-box genes, support the hypothesis that the ρ-WGD may have played a role in the origin and functional diversification of the spikelet, an adaptation in grasses related directly to cereal yields. The P. latifolius genome sheds light on the origin and early evolution of grasses underpinning the biology and breeding of cereals.

Formation of botanical composition of clover cereal and alfalfa cereal crops agrophytocenoses depending on sowing method

2020 ◽  
pp. 160-168
Author(s):  
I. Senyk
Keyword(s):  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Row Crops ◽  
Adverse Weather

Botanical composition of grasses is one of the most important indicators the biological value and quality of the obtained hay and pasture forage, the longevity of hayfi elds and pastures depend on. The issue of changing the botanical composition of agrophytocenoses is especially important in the context of global climate change, which in recent decades is also manifested in the territory of Ukraine, as it is possible to establish the most adapted species of legumes and cereals to adverse weather conditions and to identify eff ective technological methods of managing these processes for maximum conservation economically valuable species in the herbage. The purpose of the research is to establish the infl uence of diff erent ways of sowing of clover and alfalfa cereal crops agrophytocenoses on the formation of their botanical composition. Field studies have established diff erent eff ects of conventional in-line, cross-section and cross-sectional methods of sowing on the formation of botanical composition of grass mixtures of clover meadow (Trifolium pratense) varieties Sparta and Pavlyna with timothy meadow (Phleum pratense) and fenugreek multifl oral (Lolium multifl orum) and of agrophytocenoses of alfalfa of Sinyukha and Seraphima sowing varieties with reed fire (Festuca arundinacea Schreb) and middle wheatgrass (Elytrigia intermedia). For the average of four years of life of clover and alfalfa cereal crops agrophytocenoses, the highest proportion of legume component was observed with split-cross sowing – 51.6 % for Sparta, 53.1 % for Pavlyna, 60.3 % for Seraphima and 61.6 % for the Sinyukha variety. In the fourth year of life (the third year of use) of sowed leguminous-cereals agrophytocenoses, the preservation of the legume component was 14.6–15.5 % in clover-cereals grass mixtures with the Sparta variety and 16.0–16.8 % with the Pavlyna variety. In alfalfa grasslands, these indicators were 54.0–55.1 % with Seraphim and 55.0–56.2 % with Sinyukha. Among the studied varieties of clover meadow and alfalfa sowing proved better in the conditions of the Forest Steppe of western Pavlyna and Sinyukha. Cross-sectional and divided cross-sectional sowing of legumes and cereals mixtures proved to be better compared to conventional row crops in terms of conservation of economically valuable grass species. Key words: agrophytocenosis, botanical composition, clover meadow, alfalfa sowing, sowing methods.

ON CHROMOSOME NUMBERS IN THE GRASS FAMILY (POACEAE) IN RUSSIA, WITH SPECIAL ATTENTION TO THE FAR EAST

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 29-64
Author(s):  
N.S. Probatova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
Russian Far East ◽  
Far East ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Original Material ◽  
Mountain Regions ◽  
Grass Family ◽  
The Far East ◽  
The World ◽  
The Russian Far East

The paper summarizes information on chromosome numbers (CNs) of the Grass species (Poaceae) in the flora of Russian Federation, obtained on the original material, most part - from the Russian Far East (RFE). In some species the CNs are known in Russia or in the world only from RFE, in some – from one locality or few, or from one subregion of RFE. The grass species in RFE often occur in mountain regions and near seacoasts; some species are endemics, some were studied near the limits of their geographical distribution areas. The diversity of CNs, the special features of the CNs distribution in some grass groups are discussed. The alien species are abundant in RFE, and their CNs are also involved in the study. For karyologically polymorphous species further studies are needed.

scholarly journals Grass Hosts Harbor More Diverse Isolates of Puccinia striiformis Than Cereal Crops

2016 ◽  
Vol 106 (4) ◽  
pp. 362-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Cheng ◽  
X. M. Chen ◽  
D. R. See
Keyword(s):  
Ssr Markers ◽  
Stripe Rust ◽  
Simple Sequence Repeat ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Sequence Repeat ◽  
Grass Hosts ◽  
Simple Sequence

Puccinia striiformis causes stripe rust on cereal crops and many grass species. However, it is not clear whether the stripe rust populations on grasses are able to infect cereal crops and how closely they are related to each other. In this study, 103 isolates collected from wheat, barley, triticale, rye, and grasses in the United States were characterized by virulence tests and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Of 69 pathotypes identified, 41 were virulent on some differentials of wheat only, 10 were virulent on some differentials of barley only, and 18 were virulent on some differentials of both wheat and barley. These pathotypes were clustered into three groups: group one containing isolates from wheat, triticale, rye, and grasses; group two isolates were from barley and grasses; and group three isolates were from grasses and wheat. SSR markers identified 44 multilocus genotypes (MLGs) and clustered them into three major molecular groups (MG) with MLGs in MG3 further classified into three subgroups. Isolates from cereal crops were present in one or more of the major or subgroups, but not all, whereas grass isolates were present in all of the major and subgroups. The results indicate that grasses harbor more diverse isolates of P. striiformis than the cereals.

scholarly journals Molecular evolution of the Ac/Ds transposable-element family in pearl millet and other grasses.

Genetics ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 139 (3) ◽  
pp. 1411-1419
Author(s):  
G A Huttley ◽  
A F MacRae ◽  
M T Clegg
Keyword(s):  
Transposable Element ◽  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Pennisetum Glaucum ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Deletion Derivative ◽  
Transposable Element Family ◽  
Sequence Identity ◽  
Grass Family ◽  
Sequence Relationships ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract We report an Ac-like sequence from pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) and deletion derivative Ac-like sequences from pearl millet and another grass species, Bambusa multiplex. Sequence relationships between the pearl millet and maize Ac elements suggest that Ac/Ds transposable-element family is ancient. Further, the sequence identity between the Bambusa Ac-like sequence and maize Ac implies that the Ac/Ds transposable-element family has been in the grass family since its inception. The Ac-like sequences reported from pearl millet and maize Ac are statistically heterogeneous in pair-wise distance comparisons to each other. Yet, we are unable to discriminate between differential selection or ectopic exchange (recombination and conversion) between nonidentical transposable element homologues, as the cause of the heterogeneity. However, the more extreme heterogeneity exhibited between the previously described pearl millet element and maize Ac seems likely to derive from ectopic exchange between elements with different levels of divergence.

scholarly journals Pathway-specific enzymes from bamboo and crop leaves biosynthesize anti-nociceptive C-glycosylated flavones

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuwei Sun ◽  
Zhuo Chen ◽  
Jingya Yang ◽  
Ishmael Mutanda ◽  
Shiyi Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antinociceptive Activity ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Cell Factory ◽  
Bamboo Species ◽  
Grass Family ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Clinical Drugs

AbstractC-glycosylated flavones (CGFs) are promising candidates as anti-nociceptive compounds. The leaves of bamboo and related crops in the grass family are a largely unexploited bioresource with a wide array of CGFs. We report here pathway-specific enzymes including C-glycosyltransferases (CGTs) and P450 hydroxylases from cereal crops and bamboo species accumulating abundant CGFs. Mining of CGTs and engineering of P450s that decorate the flavonoid skeleton allowed the production of desired CGFs (with yield of 20–40 mg/L) in an Escherichia coli cell factory. We further explored the antinociceptive activity of major CGFs in mice models and identified isoorientin as the most potent, with both neuroanalgesic and anti-inflammatory effects superior to clinical drugs such as rotundine and aspirin. Our discovery of the pain-alleviating flavonoids elicited from bamboo and crop leaves establishes this previously underutilized source, and sheds light on the pathway and pharmacological mechanisms of the compounds.

scholarly journals Morphological and Genetic Mechanisms Underlying Awn Development in Monocotyledonous Grasses

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ntakirutimana ◽  
Xie
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Morphological And Physiological Traits

The identification of biological mechanisms underlying the development of complex quantitative traits, including those that contribute to plant architecture, yield and quality potential, and seed dispersal, is a major focus in the evolutionary biology and plant breeding. The awn, a bristle-like extension from the lemma in the floret, is one of the distinct morphological and physiological traits in grass species. Awns are taught as an evolutionary trait assisting seed dispersal and germination and increasing photosynthesis. Awn development seems to be complex process, involving dramatic phenotypic and molecular changes. Although recent advances investigated the underlying morphological and molecular genetic factors of awn development, there is little agreement about how these factors interact during awn formation and how this interaction affects variation of awn morphology. Consequently, the developmental sequence of the awn is not yet well understood. Here, we review awn morphological and histological features, awn development pathways, and molecular processes of awn development. We argue that morphological and molecular genetic mechanisms of awn development previously studied in major cereal crops, such as barley, wheat, and rice, offered intriguing insights helping to characterize this process in a comparative approach. Applying such an approach will aid to deeply understand factors involved in awn development in grass species.

scholarly journals Nitrogen and Carbon Cycling in a Grassland Community Ecosystem as Affected by Elevated Atmospheric CO2

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
H. A. Torbert ◽  
H. W. Polley ◽  
H. B. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
N Mineralization ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Root Turnover ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Grassland Community ◽  
Elevated Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
C And N

Increasing global atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration has led to concerns regarding its potential effects on terrestrial ecosystems and the long-term storage of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in soil. This study examined responses to elevated CO2in a grass ecosystem invaded with a leguminous shrubAcacia farnesiana(L.) Willd (Huisache). Seedlings ofAcaciaalong with grass species were grown for 13 months at CO2concentrations of 385 (ambient), 690, and 980 μmol mol−1. Elevated CO2increased both C and N inputs from plant growth which would result in higher soil C from litter fall, root turnover, and excretions. Results from the incubation indicated an initial (20 days) decrease in N mineralization which resulted in no change in C mineralization. However, after 40 and 60 days, an increase in both C and N mineralization was observed. These increases would indicate that increases in soil C storage may not occur in grass ecosystems that are invaded withAcaciaover the long term.

scholarly journals Dominant Awn Inhibitor, which encodes an ALOG protein in sorghum, suppresses awn formation in rice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideki Takanashi ◽  
Hiromi Kajiya-Kanegae ◽  
Asuka Nishimura ◽  
Junko Yamada ◽  
motoyuki Ishimori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Duplication ◽  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Genome Wide Association ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Molecular Identity ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Family Protein ◽  
Trait Locus

The awn, a needle-like structure that extends from the tip of the lemma in grass species, is believed to play a role in environmental adaptation and fitness. Wild species of cereal crops tend to have longer awns, whereas modern cultivars display a variety of awn lengths and morphologies. Awns in some crops seem to have been eliminated during domestication, and genes controlling awn formation have been reported. Interestingly, a few single dominant factors that eliminate awns are already known; in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), for example, the dominant awn inhibitor has been known for a century, though its molecular identity remains uncharacterized. In this study, we conducted quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis and a genome-wide association study of awn-related traits in sorghum. Among the three QTLs controlling awn presence and length, one of them, mapped on chromosome 3, had an extraordinary effect on eliminating awns. We provide a line of evidence demonstrating that this QTL corresponds to Dominant Awn Inhibitor (DAI), encoding an ALOG family protein that potentially acts as a transcription factor. Detailed analysis of the ALOG protein family in cereals revealed that DAI was considered to originate from a gene duplication of its twin paralogue on chromosome 10. Interestingly, heterologous expression of DAI with its own promoter in rice inhibited awn formation in the awned cultivar Kasalath. Our finding that DAI was born by gene duplication provides an interesting example of gain-of-function, which occurs only in sorghum but shares its functionality with rice and sorghum.

The Cretaceous Tetori biota in Japan and its evolutionary significance for terrestrial ecosystems in Asia

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaki Matsukawa ◽  
Makoto Ito ◽  
Naohisa Nishida ◽  
Kazuto Koarai ◽  
Martin G. Lockley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Evolutionary Significance

scholarly journals A new genetic locus for self-compatibility in the outcrossing grass species perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy M Slatter ◽  
Susanne Barth ◽  
Chloe Manzanares ◽  
Janaki Velmurugan ◽  
Iain Place ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Genetic Locus ◽  
Physiological Mechanism ◽  
Snp Markers ◽  
Evolutionary Significance ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Self Fertilization ◽  
Self Compatibility

Abstract Background Self-incompatibility (SI) is a physiological mechanism that many flowering plants employ to prevent self-fertilization and maintain heterozygosity. In the grass family this is known to be controlled by a two locus (S-Z) system; however, the SI system is intrinsically leaky. Modifier genes of both the S and Z loci and a further locus, T, are known to override SI leading to self-fertilization and self-seed production. This has implications for the ecological and evolutionary success as well as the commercial breeding of grasses. Here we report a study where the genetic control of self-compatibility (SC) was determined from the results of self-pollinating an F2 population of perennial ryegrass from two independently derived inbred lines produced by single-seed descent. Methods In vitro self-pollinations of 73 fertile plants were analysed. A genetic association analysis was made with a panel of 1863 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, generated through genotype-by-sequencing methodology. Markers were placed on a recombination map of seven linkage groups (LGs) created using Joinmap v.5. The seed set on self- and open-pollinated inflorescences was determined on 143 plants, including the 73 plants analysed for self-pollination response. Key Results Self-pollinations revealed a bimodal distribution of percentage SC with peaks at 50 and 100 %. A single quantitative trait locus (QTL) was identified with peak association for marker 6S14665z17875_11873 that mapped to LG 6. Peak position was associated with maximum marker segregation distortion. The self-compatible plants were equally fecund after self- and open pollination. Conclusions This is the first report in the Poaceae family of an SC locus located on LG 6. This new SC QTL discovery, as well as indicating the complex nature of the pollen–stigma recognition process and its evolutionary significance, provides an additional source of SC for breeding perennial ryegrass.

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