scholarly journals Essential Role of Sugar Transporter OsSWEET11 During the Early Stage of Rice Grain Filling

2017 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 863-873 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lai Ma ◽  
Dechun Zhang ◽  
Qisong Miao ◽  
Jing Yang ◽  
Yuanhu Xuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Role ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Sugar Transporter

scholarly journals Recent Advances in Understanding the Role of Cartilage Lubrication in Osteoarthritis

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (20) ◽  
pp. 6122
Author(s):  
Yumei Li ◽  
Zhongrun Yuan ◽  
Hui Yang ◽  
Haijian Zhong ◽  
Weijie Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Articular Cartilage ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Joint Disease ◽  
Low Friction ◽  
Cartilage Surface ◽  
Wear And Tear ◽  
Lubrication Properties

The remarkable lubrication properties of normal articular cartilage play an essential role in daily life, providing almost frictionless movements of joints. Alterations of cartilage surface or degradation of biomacromolecules within synovial fluid increase the wear and tear of the cartilage and hence determining the onset of the most common joint disease, osteoarthritis (OA). The irreversible and progressive degradation of articular cartilage is the hallmark of OA. Considering the absence of effective options to treat OA, the mechanosensitivity of chondrocytes has captured attention. As the only embedded cells in cartilage, the metabolism of chondrocytes is essential in maintaining homeostasis of cartilage, which triggers motivations to understand what is behind the low friction of cartilage and develop biolubrication-based strategies to postpone or even possibly heal OA. This review firstly focuses on the mechanism of cartilage lubrication, particularly on boundary lubrication. Then the mechanotransduction (especially shear stress) of chondrocytes is discussed. The following summarizes the recent development of cartilage-inspired biolubricants to highlight the correlation between cartilage lubrication and OA. One might expect that the restoration of cartilage lubrication at the early stage of OA could potentially promote the regeneration of cartilage and reverse its pathology to cure OA.

scholarly journals Novel Mutant Alleles Reveal a Role of the Extra-Large G Protein in Rice Grain Filling, Panicle Architecture, Plant Growth, and Disease Resistance

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akshaya K. Biswal ◽  
Ting-Ying Wu ◽  
Daisuke Urano ◽  
Rémi Pelissier ◽  
Jean-Benoit Morel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Α Subunit ◽  
Panicle Architecture

Plant growth and grain filling are the key agronomical traits for grain weight and yield of rice. The continuous improvement in rice yield is required for a future sustainable global economy and food security. The heterotrimeric G protein complex containing a canonical α subunit (RGA1) couples extracellular signals perceived by receptors to modulate cell function including plant development and grain weight. We hypothesized that, besides RGA1, three atypical, extra-large GTP-binding protein (XLG) subunits also regulate panicle architecture, plant growth, development, grain weight, and disease resistance. Here, we identified a role of XLGs in agronomic traits and stress tolerance by genetically ablating all three rice XLGs individually and in combination using the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing in rice. For this study, eight (three single, two double, and three triple) null mutants were selected. Three XLG proteins combinatorically regulate seed filling, because loss confers a decrease in grain weight from 14% with loss of one XLG and loss of three to 32% decrease in grain weight. Null mutations in XLG2 and XLG4 increase grain size. The mutants showed significantly reduced panicle length and number per plant including lesser number of grains per panicle compared to the controls. Loss-of-function of all individual XLGs contributed to 9% more aerial biomass compared to wild type (WT). The double mutant showed improved salinity tolerance. Moreover, loss of the XLG gene family confers hypersensitivity to pathogens. Our findings suggest that the non-canonical XLGs play important roles in regulating rice plant growth, grain filling, panicle phenotype, stress tolerance, and disease resistance. Genetic manipulation of XLGs has the potential to improve agronomic properties in rice.

scholarly journals Cardiac Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Using Defined Extracellular Matrix Proteins Reveals Essential Role of Fibronectin

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianhua Zhang ◽  
Ran Tao ◽  
Pratik A. Lalit ◽  
Juliana L Carvalho ◽  
Yogananda Markandeya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Cardiac Differentiation ◽  
Matrix Proteins ◽  
Downstream Signaling ◽  
Mesoderm Formation ◽  
Integrin Linked Kinase

Research and therapeutic applications using human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CMs) require robust differentiation strategies. Efforts to improve hPSC-CM differentiation have largely overlooked the role of extracellular matrix (ECM). The present study investigates the ability of defined ECM proteins to promote hPSC cardiac differentiation. Fibronectin, laminin-111, and laminin-521 enabled hPSCs to attach and expand; however, fibronectin ECM either endogenously produced or exogenously added promoted, while laminins inhibited, cardiac differentiation in response to growth factors Activin A, BMP4, and bFGF. Inducible shRNA knockdown of fibronectin prevented Brachyury+ mesoderm formation and subsequent hPSC-CM differentiation. Antibodies blocking fibronectin binding to integrin β1, but not α5, inhibited cardiac differentiation. Furthermore, inhibition of integrin-linked kinase blocked cardiac differentiation. These results identify fibronectin, laminin-111 and laminin-521 as defined substrates enabling cardiac differentiation of hPSCs and uncover the essential role of fibronectin and downstream signaling pathways in the early stage of hPSC-CM differentiation.

scholarly journals Promising Modulatory Effects of Autophagy on APP Processing as a Potential Treatment for Alzheimer's Disease

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Ataur Rahman ◽  
Md Saidur Rahman ◽  
MD. Hasanur Rahman ◽  
Mohammad Rasheduzzaman ◽  
ANM Mamun-Or-Rashid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Pathological Condition ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Potential Treatment ◽  
App Processing ◽  
Amyloid A

Autophagy refers to the degradation of cytoplasmic constituents by a lysosomal-mediated pathway, which plays a critical role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Importantly, dysregulation of autophagy has been implicated in multiple neurodegenerative disorders. Previous studies reported that autophagy affects the processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP), thus stimulating β‐amyloid (Aβ) production in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) eventually. Although the mechanism of autophagy modulation on APP processing and its pathogenesis has not yet been fully elucidated at the molecular level, but modulation of autophagy has received considerable attention as a promising approach for the treatment of AD. In the early stage of AD, Aβ may prompt autophagy to facilitate its removal via mTOR‐independent as well as-dependent pathways. However, a recent study proposed that autophagy processes are not properly regulated as AD continues to progress, and consequently, the production of Aβ tends to accumulate rapidly. Meanwhile, a number of autophagy-related genes (Atg) as well as APP genes are also thought to influence the development of AD, which may serve as a bi‐directional link to autophagy and AD pathology. In this review, we summarized current observations related to autophagy regulation and APP processing, focusing on their dynamic modifications associated with the progression of AD. Recent findings together highlight the essential role of autophagy in the removal and clearance of APP and Aβ deposition in the pathological condition of AD.

Essential role of Sharpin in TNFα dependent NFκB activation in primary hepatocytes

2012 ◽  
Vol 50 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
N Lange ◽  
S Sieber ◽  
A Erhardt ◽  
G Sass ◽  
HJ Kreienkamp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Role ◽  
Primary Hepatocytes
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