scholarly journals The Influence of Different Factors on the Oral Health Status of Smoking and Nonsmoking Adults

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 731-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reem Saleem Tubaishat ◽  
Zain A Malkawi ◽  
Zakereyya S Albashaireh
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
Oral Health Status ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Covering Letter ◽  
Gingival Bleeding ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Emotional Effects

ABSTRACT Aim The aim of this study to determine the influence of smoking on self-reported oral health status among university students. Materials and methods Voluntary sample of 669 adults of 18 to 26 years old were invited to participate in the study. They were asked to read a self-designated questionnaire and a covering letter which explained the purpose of the study. The questionnaire addressed self-reported demographics, oral hygiene and smoking habits; knowledge about smoking and its effects on oral health. Data were statistically analyzed using Chi-square test to determine statistically significant differences across the oral health status. Results The sample included 340 (56.7%) males and 240 (43.3%) females; 56.8% of the subjects were nonsmokers; 43.2% were current smokers, and 17.5% smoke argileh. Almost 24.7% of subjects started smoking because of emotional effects; 66.9% did not smoke because of its harm to health. The percentage of subjects with dental plaque on their teeth was 27.1%, and with calculus was 27.9%, and with stains was 26.9%. About 35.5% of the subjects brushed their teeth once daily. Statistically, significant association was proven between smoking and gender (p < 0.01); and smoking and halitosis (p < 0.01). Conclusion Smoking is significantly related to esthetics, calculus, tooth stains, halitosis, gingival bleeding, and gender with p < 0.01, p < 0.01, p < 0.01, p < 0.01, p = 0.05, and p < 0.01 respectively. How to cite this article Tubaishat RS, Malkawi ZA, Albashaireh ZS. The Influence of Different Factors on the Oral Health Status of Smoking and Nonsmoking Adults. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(4):731-737.

clause whereby it was a condition of acceptance that goods would be charged at prices ruling at the date of delivery. The defendant buyers replied on 27 May 1969, giving an order with differences from the sellers’ quotation and with their own terms and conditions, which had no price variation clause. The order had a tear-off acknowledgment for signature and return which accepted the order ‘on the terms and conditions thereon’. On 5 June 1969, the sellers, after acknowledging receipt of the order on 4 June, returned the acknowledgment form duly completed with a covering letter stating that delivery was to be ‘in accordance with our revised quotation of 23 May for delivery in ... March/April 1970’. The machine was ready by about September 1970, but the buyers could not accept delivery until November 1970. The sellers invoked the price increase clause and claimed £2,892 for the increase due to the rise in costs between 27 May 1969 and 1 April 1970, when the machine should have been delivered. Thesiger J gave judgment for the sellers for £2,892 and interest. The buyers appealed. The Court of Appeal unanimously reversed the first instance decision, all three judges feeling that the conclusive act was the sellers’ return of the tear-off acknowledgment slip. However, the reasons given by the judges for arriving at their decision differed. Bridge LJ and Lawton LJ broadly applied the standard model of ‘offer – counter-offer – acceptance’ to this ‘battle of the forms’, although both of them were clearly aware of the difficulties that this would cause. Lord Denning’s approach, not untypically, ranged much more widely. Unlike the other two judges, who can be seen to adopt a broadly ‘last shot’ theory (that is, that the ‘battle’ is won by the person who submits their terms last), Lord Denning was prepared to countenance a number of other possibilities. The following passages serve to indicate these divergences in approach: Butler Machine Tool Co Ltd v Ex-Cell-O Corpn (England) Ltd [1979] 1 WLR 401, CA, p 402

1995 ◽  
pp. 118-124
Keyword(s):  
Standard Model ◽  
Machine Tool ◽  
Price Increase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Price Variation ◽  
Covering Letter ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Court Of Appeal

John Macky’s 1707 Account of the English Seminaries in Flanders

1980 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-341
Author(s):  
J. D. Alsop
Keyword(s):  
Low Countries ◽  
Covering Letter ◽  
Secretary Of State ◽  
Private Collection

The following report on English religious houses in Flanders was sent to Secretary of State Sunderland on 7 January 1707/8. When the Earl of Sunderland left office in 1710, he took this account, along with virtually all departmental papers, with him and it has remained in his private collection from that time to the present. As the covering letter reveals, it was prepared by John Macky on his own initiative. His purpose was to reveal the size and wealth of the English Catholic community residing in religious houses in the Low Countries. In particular, he stressed the income which came to these institutions from Britain. This was to substantiate his proposal to remove these bodies by cutting off this flow of money.

scholarly journals Help Seeking Behaviour of Chinese Living in Belfast, Northern Ireland

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Y.-W. Yeung
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Help Seeking ◽  
Psychological Problem ◽  
Mental Illness Stigma ◽  
Covering Letter ◽  
Language Difficulty ◽  
Help Seeking Behaviour ◽  
Chinese And English

Aims:British Chinese have a low uptake of mental health servcies. Poor symptom recognition, language difficulty and mental illness stigma are the key barriers to accessing services. This study aims to explore their help seeking behaviours when they experience mental illness.Methods:About 96% of Chinese in Northern Ireland worked in catering business. Questionnaires (both in Chinese and English) were sent to ninety-one addresses occupied by catering businesses in Belfast. A bilingual covering letter was enclosed to encourage recipients to ask their families and friends to return the questionnaires.Results:Twenty-four questionnaires were returned. 66.6% reported that they visited their GP within the year prior to the study. Only one person visited the GP becasue of a mental / psychological problem. All others visited their GP for their physical illness. Racism (58.3%), physical ill health (50%) and lack of social support (41.7%) were the key stressors. 21% would visit their GP if they had a mental health problem and 45.8% would contact the GP if someone they knew became mentally unwell. Poor recognition of mental illness (41.7%) and mental illness stigma (25%) were the reasons for not seeking medical advice.Conclusion:Findings revealed that the Chinese do seek help from their GP. However, little evidence suggests that the community will approach their GP when they or someone they know actually become mentally unwell. Further investigation is needed to explore diifferent ways to provide information about mental illness symptoms and mental health services for the community.

A covering letter

Catullus ◽  
2012 ◽  
pp. 130-152
Author(s):  
Tony Woodman
Keyword(s):  
Covering Letter

List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published

2014 ◽  
Vol 64 (Pt_3) ◽  
pp. 693-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aharon Oren ◽  
George M. Garrity
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
New Combination ◽  
Editorial Office ◽  
New Combinations ◽  
Original Publication ◽  
Culture Collections ◽  
Covering Letter ◽  
Link Type ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Published Paper

The purpose of this announcement is to effect the valid publication of the following effectively published new names and new combinations under the procedure described in the Bacteriological Code (1990 Revision). Authors and other individuals wishing to have new names and/or combinations included in future lists should send a covering letter, a copy of, or a link to the published paper and electronic copies of certificates of deposit from at least two culture collections in different countries to the IJSEM Editorial Office ([email protected]) for confirmation that all of the other requirements for valid publication have been met. It is also a requirement of IJSEM and the ICSP that authors of new species, new subspecies and new combinations provide evidence that types are deposited in two recognized culture collections in two different countries. It should be noted that the date of valid publication of these new names and combinations is the date of publication of this list, not the date of the original publication of the names and combinations. The authors of the new names and combinations are as given below. Inclusion of a name on these lists validates the publication of the name and thereby makes it available in the nomenclature of prokaryotes. The inclusion of a name on this list is not to be construed as taxonomic acceptance of the taxon to which the name is applied. Indeed, some of these names may, in time, be shown to be synonyms, or the organisms may be transferred to another genus, thus necessitating the creation of a new combination.

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