scholarly journals Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease and Poor Diagnostic Accuracy of Dipstick Proteinuria in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Individuals: A Multicenter Study in Japan

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoki Yanagisawa ◽  
Takashi Muramatsu ◽  
Tomohiko Koibuchi ◽  
Akihiro Inui ◽  
Yusuke Ainoda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Total Cholesterol Level ◽  
Hepatitis C Infection ◽  
Dipstick Test ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Kdigo Guidelines

Abstract Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has become one of the common comorbid conditions affecting the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) population. Human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals are at increased risk of developing CKD, and they are likely to experience faster progression of renal dysfunction compared with HIV-uninfected individuals. Albuminuria represents not only kidney damage but also manifests metabolic syndrome and vascular dysfunction. Methods We conducted a multicenter, cross-sectional study involving 2135 HIV-infected individuals in Japan to test the prevalence of CKD and proteinuria/albuminuria. Urine sample was analyzed by both dipstick test and albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) assay. Chronic kidney disease was classified according to the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI) and Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines. The diagnostic performance of dipstick test to detect albuminuria (ACR ≥30 mg/g) was evaluated. Results The prevalence of CKD, evaluated by K/DOQI and KDIGO guidelines, was 15.8% and 20.4%, respectively. Age, total cholesterol level, prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hepatitis C infection tended to increase, whereas levels of hemoglobin, serum albumin, and CD4 cell count tended to decrease as CKD risk grades progressed. Proteinuria and albuminuria were present in 8.9% and 14.5% of individuals, respectively. Dipstick test ≥1+ to detect albuminuria had an overall sensitivity of 44.9% and specificity of 97.2%. Conclusions The KDIGO guideline may enable physicians to capture HIV-infected patients at increased risk more effectively. The sensitivity of dipstick proteinuria to detect albuminuria is so poor that it may not serve as an alternative in HIV-infected individuals.

scholarly journals The Unravelled Link between Chronic Kidney Disease and Hepatitis C Infection

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrizio Fabrizi ◽  
Piergiorgio Messa ◽  
Paul Martin
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Renal Disease ◽  
Chronic Renal Disease ◽  
World Health ◽  
Adjusted Relative Risk ◽  
Hepatitis C Infection ◽  
Increased Risk

The 2011 report of the World Health Organization General Assembly on noncommunicable diseases identified chronic kidney disease as a worldwide health issue posing a heavy economic burden. Hepatitis C virus infection, which is responsible for over 1 million deaths resulting from cirrhosis and liver cancer, is linked to chronic kidney disease in several ways; some forms of renal disease are precipitated by hepatitis C and patients with end-stage chronic renal disease are at increased risk for acquiring HCV. The aim of this review is to update the evidence on the relationship between hepatitis C infection and chronic kidney disease. Information has been accumulated in the last decade indicating that HCV plays an adverse effect on the incidence and progression of chronic kidney disease; a novel meta-analysis of observational studies (seven longitudinal studies; 890,560 unique individuals) found a relationship between hepatitis C seropositivity and incidence of reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (adjusted relative risk, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.20; 2.39; P=0.002) in the adult general population. In addition to conventional risk factors, hepatitis C may be an additional factor for the development of chronic kidney disease, and an atheromasic activity of hepatitis C virus has been mentioned. The link between hepatitis C and atherosclerosis could also explain the excess risk of cardiovascular mortality that has been observed among hepatitis C virus seropositive patients undergoing maintenance dialysis. A number of biologically plausible mechanisms related to hepatitis C virus have been hypothesized to contribute to atherosclerosis. Implementation of effective treatment intervention towards hepatitis C is required to decrease the healthcare burden of hepatitis C and to prevent the progression of chronic renal disease.

Chronic Kidney Disease in Cameroon: A scoping review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerry Brown Aseneh ◽  
Ben-Lawrence A. Kemah ◽  
Stephane Mabouna ◽  
Njang Mbeng Emmanuel ◽  
Domin Sone Majunda Ekane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Treatment Cost ◽  
Advanced Age ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Abstract ObjectivesThis scoping review sought to summarize available data on the prevalence, associated factors, etiology, comorbidities, treatment, cost, and mortality of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Cameroon.MethodsWe searched PubMed, Scopus and African Journals Online from database inception to 31 March, 2020 to identify all studies published on the prevalence, associated factors, etiology, comorbidities, treatment, cost and mortality of CKD in Cameroon.ResultsThirty studies were included. The population prevalence of CKD varied from 3-14.1% and 10.0%-14.2% in rural and urban areas, respectively. The prevalence of CKD in patients with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and human immunodeficiency virus was 12.4-50.0%, 18.5%, and 3.0-47.2%, respectively. Hypertension (22.3-59.1%), chronic glomerulonephritis (15.8-56.2%), and diabetes mellitus (15.8-56.2%) were the most common causes of CKD. The cause was unknown in 13.5-17.0% of the cases. Advanced age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity were frequent associated factors. Hemodialysis was the main treatment modality in patients with End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD). The monthly cost of management of non-dialyzed CKD was 163 US dollars. The one-year mortality rate of ESRD was 26.8-38.6%.ConclusionChronic kidney disease in affects about one in ten adults in the general population in Cameroon Patients with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and human immunodeficiency virus bear the greatest burden of CKD in Cameroon. Advanced age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity are major factors associated with CKD. Chronic kidney disease in Cameroon is associated with high morbidity and mortality and huge economic cost on the patient.

Prevalence of Impaired Kidney Function in the German Elderly: Results from the Berlin Aging Study II (BASE-II)

Gerontology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maximilian König ◽  
Maik Gollasch ◽  
Ilja Demuth ◽  
Elisabeth Steinhagen-Thiessen
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Aging Study

Background: In aging populations with an ever-growing burden of risk factors such as obesity, diabetes, and hypertension, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is on the rise. However, little is known about its exact prevalence among elderly adults, and often albuminuria is not included in the definition of CKD. Moreover, novel equations for the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) have recently emerged, which have not been applied comprehensively to older adults. Data on CKD awareness among the elderly are sparse. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of CKD among older adults by eGFR and albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR), compare the performance of 6 established and novel eGFR formulas, explore risk factors, and determine the awareness of CKD in a large cohort of community-dwelling elderly from Germany. Methods: A total of 1,628 subjects from the Berlin Aging Study II (BASE-II) were included in this analysis (mean age 68.7 years; 51.2% female). Extensive cross-sectional data on sociodemographics, lifestyle, medication, and diagnoses were inquired during structured interviews and a medical examination, and blood and urine parameters were measured. Results: In all, 77.1% of the subjects had hypertension, 12.4% had diabetes, and 18.3% were obese. The prevalence of CKD strongly depended on the eGFR equations used: 25.4% (full age spectrum [FAS] equation), 24.6% (Berlin Initiative Study), 23.1% (Lund-Malmö revised), 19.3% (Cockcroft-Gault), 16.4% (Chronic Kidney Disease-Epidemiology Collaboration [CKD-EPI]), and 14.7% (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease [MDRD]). Of the subjects with an eGFRFAS <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and/or an ACR >30 mg/g, only 3.9% were aware of having CKD. Polypharmacy, age, BMI, coronary artery disease, non-HDL cholesterol, and female sex were independently associated with CKD. Conclusions: CKD is prevalent among older adults in Germany, but awareness is low. The FAS equation detects higher rates of CKD than MDRD and CKD-EPI, which are most widely used at present. Also, when CKD is defined based on eGFR and albuminuria, considerably more people are identified than by eGFR alone. Finally, polypharmacy is associated with an increased risk for CKD in the elderly.

scholarly journals Chronic kidney disease in Australian Human Immunodeficiency Virus-infected patients: Analysis of the Australian HIV Observational Database

Nephrology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 778-786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Cheung ◽  
Rainer Puhr ◽  
Kathy Petoumenos ◽  
David A Cooper ◽  
Ian Woolley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Observational Database ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

scholarly journals Identification of People at Risk of Developing Chronic Kidney Disease among Rural Disadvantageous Population in Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-29
Author(s):  
Tanjina Rahman ◽  
Akibul Islam Chowdhury ◽  
Mohammad Asadul Habib ◽  
Harun Ur- Rashid ◽  
Shakib Arefin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Medical Condition ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Dipstick Test ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Early Management

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global disease and the prevalence of CKD is increasing in both developed and developing countries. The current study aimed to assess subjects in the rural areas of Sylhet district in Bangladesh to identify individuals who may be predisposed to at risk for developing CKD. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 996 subjects from Sylhet district of Bangladesh. Data were collected by using a standard questionnaire from 82 villages. Data about socio-demographic, medical history and anthropometric and biochemical parameters were collected. Urine dipstick test was done for both albumin and glucose. Descriptive statistics and ANOVA-test were performed for statistical analysis. Results: The study revealed that people living in rural areas of Sylhet in Bangladesh are at risk of developing CKD and the hidden cause behind it includes not only diabetes and hypertension, but also other lifestyle related factors. Younger participants were found to be at less risk compared to older participants for developing CKD. From urinary dipstick test, 2% and 3.3% subjects had severe traces of albumin and glucose in their urine. Approximately 16% of subjects had hypertension. From the data of 99 out of 996 subjects for urine albumin dipstick test, 98 respondents were identified as stage I CKD patients and only one was identified as stage II CKD patients. Conclusion: As dialysis and transplants are unsustainable in the long term, it is important to seek preventive strategies when patients are in pre-dialysis state and identify and manage those at high risk. Nutrition and life-style choices can play key roles to achieve this. So, urgent low-cost programs are needed to identify people who are at risk of CKD as well as address their current medical condition to initiate early management of CKD patients.

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