scholarly journals Risk Factors for Influenza A(H7N9) Disease in China, a Matched Case Control Study, October 2014 to April 2015

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Zhou ◽  
Ruiqi Ren ◽  
Jianming Ou ◽  
Min Kang ◽  
Xiaoxiao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Backyard Poultry ◽  
Live Poultry ◽  
H7n9 Infection ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background.  Human infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus have been associated with exposure to poultry and live poultry markets (LPMs). We conducted a case-control study to identify additional and more specific risk factors. Methods.  Cases were laboratory-confirmed A(H7N9) infections in persons in China reported from October 1, 2014 to April 30, 2015. Poultry workers, those with insufficient data, and those refusing participation were excluded. We matched up to 4 controls per case by sex, age, and residential community. Using conditional logistic regression, we examined associations between A(H7N9) infection and potential risk factors. Results.  Eighty-five cases and 334 controls were enrolled with similar demographic characteristics. Increased risk of A(H7N9) infection was associated with the following: visiting LPMs (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 6.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.6–15.3), direct contact with live poultry in LPMs (aOR, 4.1; 95% CI, 1.1–15.6), stopping at a live poultry stall when visiting LPMs (aOR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.1–6.9), raising backyard poultry at home (aOR, 7.7; 95% CI, 2.0–30.5), direct contact with backyard poultry (aOR, 4.9; 95% CI, 1.1–22.1), and having ≥1 chronic disease (aOR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.5–6.5). Conclusions.  Our study identified raising backyard poultry at home as a risk factor for illness with A(H7N9), suggesting the need for enhanced avian influenza surveillance in rural areas.

Case-control study of risk factors for human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in Shanghai, China, 2013

2014 ◽  
Vol 143 (9) ◽  
pp. 1826-1832 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. LI ◽  
J. CHEN ◽  
G. YANG ◽  
Y. X. ZHENG ◽  
S. H. MAO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
H7n9 Virus ◽  
Live Poultry ◽  
H7n9 Infection ◽  
Control Study

SUMMARYThe first human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus was reported in Shanghai, China in March 2013. An additional 32 cases of human H7N9 infection were identified in the following months from March to April 2013 in Shanghai. Here we conducted a case-control study of the patients with H7N9 infection (n = 25) using controls matched by age, sex, and residence to determine risk factors for H7N9 infection. Our findings suggest that chronic disease and frequency of visiting a live poultry market (>10 times, or 1–9 times during the 2 weeks before illness onset) were likely to be significantly associated with H7N9 infection, with the odds ratios being 4·07 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1·32–12·56], 10·61 (95% CI 1·85–60·74), and 3·76 (95% CI 1·31–10·79), respectively. Effective strategies for live poultry market control should be reinforced and ongoing education of the public is warranted to promote behavioural changes that can help to eliminate direct or indirect contact with influenza A(H7N9) virus.

scholarly journals Case‐Control Study of Risk Factors for Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Disease, Hong Kong, 1997

1999 ◽  
Vol 180 (2) ◽  
pp. 505-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony W. Mounts ◽  
Heston Kwong ◽  
Hector S. Izurieta ◽  
Yuk‐yin Ho ◽  
Tak‐kwong Au ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Control Study

Nontyphoidal Salmonella Gastroenteritis in Baoshan, Shanghai, China, 2010 to 2014: An Etiological Surveillance and Case-Control Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 482-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xingtang Yang ◽  
Kai Jin ◽  
Fan Yang ◽  
Guoping Yuan ◽  
Wenbin Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Farmers Markets ◽  
Live Poultry ◽  
Animal Feces ◽  
Control Study

ABSTRACT Nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) gastroenteritis is a widespread global foodborne disease. To identify the epidemiologic characteristics, sources of food contamination, and risk factors of NTS gastroenteritis, epidemiologic data and stool specimens of diarrheal patients were collected from sentinel hospitals in Baoshan, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, between 2010 and 2014. Food products from nearby farmers' markets and animal feces from live poultry markets and livestock farms were sampled to identify the pathogen; a case-control study was conducted to characterize risk factors of NTS gastroenteritis. Of 3,906 diarrheal patients examined, 266 (6.8%) were positive for Salmonella. The positive rates were higher in summer than in the other seasons. Salmonella Typhimurium (36.1%) and Salmonella Enteritidis (30.8%) were the dominant serovars in the patients. Salmonella was detected in 26.2% pork samples, 7.1 to 7.8% poultry meats, and 3.3 to 8.9% poultry feces. Salmonella Typhimurium was the major serovar in contaminated food and animal feces. Multivariate conditional logistic regression analysis indicated that consumption of pork and quickly cooked eggs increased, whereas separating kitchen knives for cooked and raw food decreased the risk of NTS gastroenteritis, independently. We believe that NTS in poultry feces contaminated the meat products in the same markets and then infected humans if these foods were not sufficiently cooked. To prevent NTS gastroenteritis, it is necessary to survey Salmonella in meats and poultry feces, to cook eggs and pork sufficiently, to separate kitchen knives for cooked and raw food, and to prohibit live poultry trade in fresh meat markets.

scholarly journals A Case-Control Study to Identify Risk Factors Associated with Avian Influenza Subtype H9N2 on Commercial Poultry Farms in Pakistan

PLoS ONE ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. e0119019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mamoona Chaudhry ◽  
Hamad B. Rashid ◽  
Michael Thrusfield ◽  
Sue Welburn ◽  
Barend MdeC. Bronsvoort
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Poultry Farms ◽  
Commercial Poultry ◽  
Control Study

scholarly journals Risk factors for hospital-acquired influenza A and patient characteristics: A matched case-control study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kui Yang ◽  
Ni Zhang ◽  
Chunchen Gao ◽  
Hongyan Qin ◽  
Anhui Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Pleural Effusion ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Patient Characteristics ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
Hospital Acquired ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background: While hospital-acquired influenza A results in an additional cost burden and considerable mortality in patients, its risk factors are unknown. We aimed to describe the characteristics of patients vulnerable to hospital-acquired influenza A and to identify its risk factors to assist clinicians control hospital-acquired infections and reduce the burden of treatment.Methods: A case-control study was conducted among hospitalized patients aged ≥18 years at a tertiary level teaching hospital during the 2018–2019 influenza A season. Patient data were retrieved from hospital-based electronic medical records. Hospital-acquired influenza A was defined as a case of influenza A diagnosed 7 days or more after admission, in a patient with no evidence of influenza A infection on admission. The controls without influenza A were selected among patients exposed to the same setting and time period. We identified risk factors using conditional logistic regression and described the characteristics of hospital-acquired influenza A by comparing the clinical data of infected patients and the controls.Results: Of the 412 hospitalized patients with influenza A from all the departments in the study hospital, 93 (22.6%) cases were classified as hospital-acquired. The most common comorbidities of the 93 cases were hypertension (41.9%), coronary heart disease (21.5%), and cerebrovascular disease (20.4%). Before the onset of hospital-acquired influenza A, patients presented more lymphocytopenia (51.6% vs 35.5%, P=0.027), hypoalbuminemia (78.5% vs 57.0%, P=0.002), and pleural effusion (26.9% vs 9.7%, P=0.002) than the matched controls. Infected patients also had longer hospital stays (18 days vs 14 days, P=0.002), and higher mortality rates (10.8% vs 2.2%, P=0.017) than the matched controls. Lymphocytopenia (odds ratio [OR]: 3.11; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.24–7.80; P=0.016), hypoalbuminemia (OR: 2.24; 95% CI: 1.10–4.57; P=0.027), and pleural effusion (OR: 3.09; 95% CI: 1.26–7.58; P=0.014) were independently associated with hospital-acquired influenza A.Conclusions: Lymphocytopenia, hypoalbuminemia and pleural effusion are independent risk factors that can help identify patients at high risk of hospital-acquired influenza A, which can extend hospital stay and is associated with a high mortality.

scholarly journals Risk factors for hospital-acquired influenza A and patient characteristics: A matched case-control study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kui Yang ◽  
Ni Zhang ◽  
Chunchen Gao ◽  
Hongyan Qin ◽  
Anhui Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Pleural Effusion ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Patient Characteristics ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
Hospital Acquired ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background: While hospital-acquired influenza A results in an additional cost burden and considerable mortality in patients, its risk factors are unknown. We aimed to describe the characteristics of patients vulnerable to hospital-acquired influenza A and to identify its risk factors to assist clinicians control hospital-acquired infections and reduce the burden of treatment.Methods: A case-control study was conducted among hospitalized patients aged ≥18 years at a tertiary level teaching hospital during the 2018–2019 influenza A season. Patient data were retrieved from hospital-based electronic medical records. Hospital-acquired influenza A was defined as a case of influenza A diagnosed 7 days or more after admission, in a patient with no evidence of influenza A infection on admission. The controls without influenza A were selected among patients exposed to the same setting and time period. We identified risk factors using conditional logistic regression and described the characteristics of hospital-acquired influenza A by comparing the clinical data of infected patients and the controls.Results: Of the 412 hospitalized patients with influenza A from all the departments in the study hospital, 93 (22.6%) cases were classified as hospital-acquired. The most common comorbidities of the 93 cases were hypertension (41.9%), coronary heart disease (21.5%), and cerebrovascular disease (20.4%). Before the onset of hospital-acquired influenza A, patients presented more lymphocytopenia (51.6% vs 35.5%, P=0.027), hypoalbuminemia (78.5% vs 57.0%, P=0.002), and pleural effusion (26.9% vs 9.7%, P=0.002) than the matched controls. Infected patients also had longer hospital stays (18 days vs 14 days, P=0.002), and higher mortality rates (10.8% vs 2.2%, P=0.017) than the matched controls. Lymphocytopenia (odds ratio [OR]: 3.11; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.24–7.80; P=0.016), hypoalbuminemia (OR: 2.24; 95% CI: 1.10–4.57; P=0.027), and pleural effusion (OR: 3.09; 95% CI: 1.26–7.58; P=0.014) were independently associated with hospital-acquired influenza A.Conclusions: Lymphocytopenia, hypoalbuminemia and pleural effusion are independent risk factors that can help identify patients at high risk of hospital-acquired influenza A, which can extend hospital stay and is associated with a high mortality.

scholarly journals Risk factors for hospital-acquired influenza A and patient characteristics: A matched case-control study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kui Yang ◽  
Ni Zhang ◽  
Chunchen Gao ◽  
Hongyan Qin ◽  
Anhui Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Pleural Effusion ◽  
Hospital Stay ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Cost Of Care ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
Hospital Acquired ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background: Hospital-acquired influenza A brings hospitalized patients an additional cost of care and considerable mortality, but risk factors for hospital-acquired influenza A are unknown. We aimed to describe the characteristics of patients vulnerable for hospital-acquired influenza A and to identify its risk factors. This knowledge would help clinicians to control hospital-acquired infection and reduce the burden of treatment.Methods: A case-control study was conducted in hospitalized patients aged ≥18 years in a tertiary level teaching hospital during the 2018–2019 influenza A season. Patient data were retrieved from hospital-based electronic medical records. Hospital-acquired influenza A was defined as a case of influenza A diagnosed 7 days or more after admission, in a patient who had no evidence of viral respiratory infection on admission. The controls without influenza were selected among patients exposed to the same setting during the same time period. We identified risk factors using conditional logistic regression and described characteristics of patients with hospital-acquired influenza A by comparing the clinical data of the influenza patients and the controls.Results: Of 412 hospitalized patients with influenza A from all departments of the study hospital, 93 (22.6%) cases were classified as hospital-acquired. The most common comorbidities of the 93 cases were hypertension (41.9%), coronary heart disease (21.5%) and cerebrovascular disease (20.4%). Before the onset of hospital-acquired influenza A, patients presented more lymphocytopenia (51.6% vs 35.5%, P=0.027), hypoalbuminemia (78.5% vs 57.0%, P=0.002) and pleural effusion (26.9% vs 9.7%, P=0.002) than matched controls. Notably, infected patients had a longer hospital stay (18 days vs 14 days, P=0.002), and higher mortality (10.8% vs 2.2%, P=0.017). Lymphocytopenia (odds ratio [OR]: 3.11; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.24–7.80; P =0.016), hypoalbuminemia (OR: 2.24; 95% CI: 1.10–4.57; P =0.027) and pleural effusion (OR: 3.09; 95% CI: 1.26–7.58; P =0.014) were independently associated with hospital-acquired influenza A.Conclusions: Lymphocytopenia, hypoalbuminemia and pleural effusion were independent risk factors that could help identify patients at high risk of hospital-acquired influenza A, which might extend hospital stay and is associated with a high mortality.

scholarly journals Risk factors and characteristics of patients with hospital-acquired influenza A: A Matched Case-Control Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kui Yang ◽  
Ni Zhang ◽  
Chunchen Gao ◽  
Hongyan Qin ◽  
Anhui Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Pleural Effusion ◽  
Hospital Stay ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Cost Of Care ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
Hospital Acquired ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background: Nosocomial influenza A brings hospitalized patients additional cost of care and considerable mortality, but predictors for hospital-acquired influenza A at the early stage remained unidentified. We aimed to describe the characteristics of patients vulnerable for hospital-acquired influenza A and identify its risk factors, which would help clinicians control nosocomial infection and ease the burden of treatment. Methods: A case-control study was conducted in hospitalized patients aged ≥ 18 years in a level A tertiary teaching hospital during the 2018-2019 influenza A season. Information of patients was retrieved from hospital-based medical records system. Hospital-acquired influenza A was defined as cases diagnosed 7 days or more after admission, who had no signs of viral respiratory infection on admission. The controls with no influenza infection were selected by the following criterion. Namely, patients were exposed to the same setting in the same period of time. We identified risk factors using conditional logistic regression and described characteristics of hospital-acquired influenza A through comparing the clinical data between influenza infected patients and controls. Results: Of 412 hospitalized patients with influenza A from all departments of the investigated hospital, 93 (22.6%) cases were classified as hospital-acquired influenza A. Older age (>65 years old) accounted for 34.4%. Hypertension (41.9%), coronary heart disease (21.5%) and cerebrovascular disease (20.4%) were the most common comorbidities. Before the infection of hospital-acquired influenza A, patients presented more lymphocytopenia (51.6% VS 35.5%, P=0.027), hypoalbuminemia (78.5% VS 57.0%, P=0.002) and pleural effusion (26.9% VS 9.7%, P=0.002) than matched controls. Notably, infected patients had a longer hospital stay [18(12-27.5) days VS 14(11-20) days, P=0.002], and higher mortality (10.8% VS 2.2%, P=0.017 ). Lymphocytopenia (OR: 3.107; 95% CI 1.238-7.796; P =0.016), hypoalbuminemia (OR: 2.241; 95% CI 1.099-4.570; P =0.027) and pleural effusion (OR: 3.094; 95% CI 1.263-7.583; P =0.014) were independently associated with hospital-acquired influenza A. Conclusions: Lymphocytopenia, hypoalbuminemia and pleural effusion were independent risk factors that could help identify patients at high risk of hospital-acquired influenza A, which extended hospital stay and was associated with high mortality.

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