scholarly journals The Adenosine Pathway and HIV-Associated Inflammation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily A Hixson ◽  
Priya V Borker ◽  
Edwin K Jackson ◽  
Bernard J Macatangay
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Viral Suppression ◽  
Purinergic Signaling ◽  
The Body ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
Persistent Inflammation ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Abstract Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is associated with an increased risk of age-associated comorbidities and mortality compared to people without HIV. This has been attributed to HIV-associated chronic inflammation and immune activation despite viral suppression. The adenosine pathway is an established mechanism by which the body regulates persistent inflammation in order to limit tissue damage associated with inflammatory conditions. However, HIV infection is associated with derangements in the adenosine pathway that limits its ability to control HIV-associated inflammation. This article reviews the function of purinergic signaling and the role of the adenosine signaling pathway in HIV-associated chronic inflammation. This review also discusses the beneficial and potential detrimental effects of pharmacotherapeutic strategies targeting this pathway among people with HIV.

scholarly journals From Capsids to Complexes: Expanding the Role of TRIM5α in the Restriction of Divergent RNA Viruses and Elements

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 446
Author(s):  
Kevin M. Rose ◽  
Stephanie J. Spada ◽  
Rebecca Broeckel ◽  
Kristin L. McNally ◽  
Vanessa M. Hirsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Arms Race ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Hiv 1

An evolutionary arms race has been ongoing between retroviruses and their primate hosts for millions of years. Within the last century, a zoonotic transmission introduced the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1), a retrovirus, to the human population that has claimed the lives of millions of individuals and is still infecting over a million people every year. To counteract retroviruses such as this, primates including humans have evolved an innate immune sensor for the retroviral capsid lattice known as TRIM5α. Although the molecular basis for its ability to restrict retroviruses is debated, it is currently accepted that TRIM5α forms higher-order assemblies around the incoming retroviral capsid that are not only disruptive for the virus lifecycle, but also trigger the activation of an antiviral state. More recently, it was discovered that TRIM5α restriction is broader than previously thought because it restricts not only the human retroelement LINE-1, but also the tick-borne flaviviruses, an emergent group of RNA viruses that have vastly different strategies for replication compared to retroviruses. This review focuses on the underlying mechanisms of TRIM5α-mediated restriction of retroelements and flaviviruses and how they differ from the more widely known ability of TRIM5α to restrict retroviruses.

scholarly journals Achieving Viral Suppression in 90% of People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus on Antiretroviral Therapy in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (10) ◽  
pp. 1487-1491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean B Nachega ◽  
Nadia A Sam-Agudu ◽  
Lynne M Mofenson ◽  
Mauro Schechter ◽  
John W Mellors
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Viral Suppression ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Abstract Although significant progress has been made, the latest data from low- and middle-income countries show substantial gaps in reaching the third “90%” (viral suppression) of the UNAIDS 90-90-90 goals, especially among vulnerable and key populations. This article discusses critical gaps and promising, evidence-based solutions. There is no simple and/or single approach to achieve the last 90%. This will require multifaceted, scalable strategies that engage people living with human immunodeficiency virus, motivate long-term treatment adherence, and are community-entrenched and ‑supported, cost-effective, and tailored to a wide range of global communities.

scholarly journals Nontyphi Salmonella Empyema with Bronchopleural Fistula in a Patient with Human Immunodeficiency Virus

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Douglas Bretzing ◽  
Tasnim Lat ◽  
Andrew Shakespeare ◽  
Mary Lee ◽  
Salim Surani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Bronchopleural Fistula ◽  
Fibrinolytic Therapy ◽  
Watery Diarrhea ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Pulmonary Manifestations ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Night Sweats ◽  
The Right

Patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have an increased risk of inoculation with nontyphoid Salmonella compared to the general population. While nontyphoid Salmonella commonly manifests as gastroenteritis, Salmonella bacteremia can be seen in patients with HIV. We present a case of disseminated Salmonellosis in a patient with HIV complicated by bronchopleural fistula and secondary empyema. Case Presentation. A 40-year-old African American male with HIV noncompliant with HAART therapy presented with complaints of generalized weakness, weight loss, cough, night sweats, and nonbloody, watery diarrhea of four weeks’ duration. A computed tomography (CT) scan demonstrated a bilobed large, thick-walled cavitary lesion in the right upper lobe communicating with the pleural space to form a bronchopleural fistula. Thoracentesis yielded growth of nontyphi Salmonella species consistent with empyema; he was treated with intravenous Ceftriaxone and underwent placement of chest tube for drainage of empyema with instillation of alteplase/dornase twice daily for three days. Repeat CT chest showed a hydropneumothorax. The patient subsequently underwent video-assisted thoracoscopy with decortication. The patient continued to improve and follow-up CT chest demonstrated improved loculated right pneumothorax with resolution of the right bronchopleural fistula and resolution of the cavitary lesions. Discussion. We describe one of the few cases of development of bronchopulmonary fistula and the formation of empyema in the setting of disseminated Salmonella. Empyema complicated by bronchopulmonary fistula likely led to failure of intrapleural fibrinolytic therapy and the patient ultimately required decortication in addition to antibiotics. While Salmonella bacteremia can be seen in immunocompromised patients, extraintestinal manifestations of Salmonella infection such as empyema and bronchopleural fistulas are uncommon. Bronchopleural fistulas most commonly occur as a postoperative complication of pulmonary resection. Conclusions. This case highlights the unusual pulmonary manifestations that can occur due to disseminated Salmonella in an immunocompromised patient as well as complex management decisions related to these complications.

scholarly journals CandidaEsophagitis in an Immunocompetent Pregnant Woman

1993 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 149-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey S. Greenspoon ◽  
Seth Kivnick
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Gastrointestinal Endoscopy ◽  
Epigastric Pain ◽  
Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy ◽  
Second Trimester ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Upper Gastrointestinal

Background:Nausea and vomiting are common during the first half of pregnancy and usually require only supportive measures. When symptoms are progressive and weight loss occurs, treatable causes should be sought by means of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. We report a case of an immunocompetent gravida with invasiveCandida albicansesophagitis.Case:The immunocompetent primigravida developed progressive nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain, and a 4.1 kg weight loss during the second trimester of pregnancy. Treatment with metoclopramide and cimetidine for presumed gastroesophageal reflux was not effective. The patient had normal T-cell CD4 and CD8 subsets and was human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody negative. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealedC. albicansesophagitis which was treated with oral nystatin. The esophagitis had resolved completely when reassessed postpartum. The use of histamine2blockers is associated with an increased risk for fungal esophagitis and may have been a contributing cause in this case.Conclusion:Pregnant patients with persistent nausea, vomiting, and weight loss should be evaluated by endoscopy for fungal esophagitis.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Thrombocytopenia

DICP ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis M. Hoffman ◽  
Rocco F. Caruso ◽  
Timothy Mirando
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Immune Globulin ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Underlying Disease ◽  
Asymptomatic Patients ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
A New Technique ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Thrombocytopenia has emerged as a major hematological manifestation associated with AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients. A study of homosexual patients with thrombocytopenia indicates 93 percent had serological evidence of HIV exposure whereas only 33 percent of homosexuals without thrombocytopenia exhibited this finding. Thrombocytopenia in patients with hemophilia has been identified as an increased risk factor for AIDS development and has been observed in about one-third of children with AIDS. The management of thrombocytopenia in HIV-infected patients poses a therapeutic dilemma for clinicians since many of the traditional modalities for treating immune thrombocytopenia may adversely affect the underlying disease process or further compromise the immune system. Splenectomy, corticosteroids, danazol, intravenous immune globulin, vincristine, and RHo(D) immune globulin have all been used with variable results. A new technique that physically removes antibodies and immune complexes associated with thrombocytopenia is under investigation. Due to either toxicity or the high incidence of transient response, asymptomatic patients may not be candidates for treatment.

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