scholarly journals A Recent Human Immunodeficiency Virus Outbreak Among People Who Inject Drugs in Munich, Germany, Is Associated With Consumption of Synthetic Cathinones

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsten Hanke ◽  
Stefan Fiedler ◽  
Christina Grumann ◽  
Oliver Ratmann ◽  
Andrea Hauser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
People Who Inject Drugs ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
New Psychoactive Substances ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Subtype C ◽  
Related Substance ◽  
First Case ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Abstract Background Needle and syringe sharing among people who inject drugs (PWID) can result in a rapid regional spread of a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) variant. Such outbreaks have been identified recently in several countries and have raised public health attention because of an association with new psychoactive substances (NPS). Methods Dried serum spots from approximately 60% of newly diagnosed HIV cases in Germany in 2013–2018 were received together with statutory notification data. Samples were sequenced in the pol-region, genotyped, and viral phylogenies were analyzed. For selected samples, the hepatitis C virus (HCV) status and the presence of NPS were determined. Results An outbreak of closely related 27 subtype C infections with a core of 11 cases with almost identical sequences was identified using phylogenetic analyses. The first case of the outbreak was diagnosed in 2015, and the last one was in 2018. With exception of 3 infections, all were reported from Munich, the capital of the federal state of Bavaria. Of 26 analyzed outbreak members, 24 (92.3%) had a resolved or viremic HCV coinfection. In 8 of 18 (44%) cases, α-pyrrolidinopentiothiophenone and/or the related substance α-pyrrolidinoheptiophenone was identified. Conclusions Despite harm reduction services in place, HIV outbreaks of considerable size can occur in PWID. The establishment of a real-time molecular surveillance is advised to rapidly identify outbreaks and target prevention measures.

First case of invasive meningococcal disease‐induced myopericarditis in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-137
Author(s):  
Alexandre Chlilek ◽  
Saber‐Davide Barbar ◽  
Robin Stephan ◽  
Claudine Barbuat ◽  
Guillaume Cayla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection ◽  
Meningococcal Disease ◽  
Invasive Meningococcal Disease ◽  
First Case ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

scholarly journals CCR5- and CXCR4-Tropic Subtype C Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolates Have a Lower Level of Pathogenic Fitness than Other Dominant Group M Subtypes: Implications for the Epidemic

2009 ◽  
Vol 83 (11) ◽  
pp. 5592-5605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Awet Abraha ◽  
Immaculate L. Nankya ◽  
Richard Gibson ◽  
Korey Demers ◽  
Denis M. Tebit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Subtype C ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Subtype A ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtype C is the dominant subtype globally, due largely to the incidence of subtype C infections in sub-Saharan Africa and east Asia. We compared the relative replicative fitness (ex vivo) of the major (M) group of HIV-1 subtypes A, B, C, D, and CRF01_AE and group O isolates. To estimate pathogenic fitness, pairwise competitions were performed between CCR5-tropic (R5) or CXCR4-tropic (X4) virus isolates in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). A general fitness order was observed among 33 HIV-1 isolates; subtype B and D HIV-1 isolates were slightly more fit than the subtype A and dramatically more fit than the 12 subtype C isolates. All group M isolates were more fit (ex vivo) than the group O isolates. To estimate ex vivo transmission fitness, a subset of primary HIV-1 isolates were examined in primary human explants from penile, cervical, and rectal tissues. Only R5 isolates and no X4 HIV-1 isolates could replicate in these tissues, whereas the spread to PM1 cells was dependent on active replication and passive virus transfer. In tissue competition experiments, subtype C isolates could compete with and, in some cases, even win over subtype A and D isolates. However, when the migratory cells from infected tissues were mixed with a susceptible cell line, the subtype C isolates were outcompeted by other subtypes, as observed in experiments with PBMC. These findings suggest that subtype C HIV-1 isolates might have equal transmission fitness but reduced pathogenic fitness relative to other group M HIV-1 isolates.

scholarly journals Env sequence determinants in CXCR4-using human immunodeficiency virus type-1 subtype C

Virology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 433 (2) ◽  
pp. 296-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina H. Lin ◽  
Carlos Becerril ◽  
Francoise Giguel ◽  
Vladimir Novitsky ◽  
Sikhulile Moyo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Subtype C ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

scholarly journals Transient and asymptomatic meningitis in human immunodeficiency virus-1 subtype C: a case study of genetic compartmentalization and biomarker dynamics

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 786-796 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio M. de Almeida ◽  
Michelli F. Oliveira ◽  
Antoine Chaillon ◽  
Indianara Rotta ◽  
Clea E. Ribeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Subtype C ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1

scholarly journals Efficiencies of Four Versions of the AMPLICOR HIV-1 MONITOR Test for Quantification of Different Subtypes of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Triques ◽  
J. Coste ◽  
J. L. Perret ◽  
C. Segarra ◽  
E. Mpoudi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Viral Load ◽  
Pcr Primers ◽  
Load Test ◽  
Subtype C ◽  
Subtype B ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Subtype A ◽  
Hiv 1

Three versions of a commercial human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 (HIV-1) load test (the AMPLICOR HIV-1 MONITOR Test versions 1.0, 1.0+, and 1.5; Roche Diagnostics, Branchburg, N.J.) were evaluated for their ability to detect and quantify HIV-1 RNA of different genetic subtypes. Plasma samples from 96 patients infected with various subtypes of HIV-1 (55 patients infected with subtype A, 9 with subtype B, 21 with subtype C, 2 with subtype D, 7 with subtype E, and 2 with subtype G) and cultured virus from 29 HIV-1 reference strains (3 of subtype A, 6 of subtype B, 5 of subtype C, 3 of subtype D, 8 of subtype E, 3 of subtype F, and 1 of subtype G) were tested. Detection of subtypes A and E was significantly improved with versions 1.0+ and 1.5 compared to that with version 1.0, whereas detection of subtypes B, C, D, and G was equivalent with the three versions. Versions 1.0, 1.0+, and 1.5 detected 65, 98, and 100% of the subtype A-infected samples from patients, respectively, and 71, 100, and 100% of the subtype E-infected samples from patients, respectively. Version 1.5 yielded a significant increase in viral load for samples infected with subtypes A and E (greater than 1 log10 HIV RNA copies/ml). For samples infected with subtype B, C, and D and tested with version 1.5, only a slight increase in viral load was observed (<0.5 log10). We also evaluated a prototype automated version of the test that uses the same PCR primers as version 1.5. The results with the prototype automated test were highly correlated with those of the version 1.5 test for all subtypes, but were lower overall. The AMPLICOR HIV-1 MONITOR Test, version 1.5, yielded accurate measurement of the HIV load for all HIV-1 subtypes tested, which should allow the test to be used to assess disease prognosis and response to antiretroviral treatment in patients infected with a group M HIV-1 subtype.

scholarly journals LONG-TERM INCIDENCE OF CERVICAL CANCER IN WOMEN WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (5-s) ◽  
pp. 394-399
Author(s):  
Subhash Kumar Mishra Golden ◽  
Nidhi Vishnoi
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Cancer Prevention ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Invasive Cervical Cancer ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Negative

Background: The objective of this study was to estimate the incidence of invasive cervical cancer (ICC) in women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and compare it with the incidence in HIV-uninfected women. Methods: In a cohort study of HIV-infected and uninfected women who had Papanicolaou tests obtained every 6 months, pathology reports were retrieved for women who had biopsy results or a self report of ICC. Histology was reviewed when reports confirmed ICC. Incidence rates were calculated and compared with those in HIV-negative women. Results: After a median follow-up of 10.3 years, 3 ICCs were confirmed in HIV-seropositive women, and none were confirmed in HIV-seronegative women. The ICC incidence rate was not found to be associated significantly with HIV status (HIV-negative women [0 of 100,000 person-years] vs HIV-positive women [21.4 of 100,000 person-years]; P = .59). A calculated incidence rate ratio standardized to expected results from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results database that was restricted to HIV-infected Women’s Interagency HIV Study participants was 1.32 (95% confidence interval, 0.27-3.85; P = 0.80). Conclusions: Among women with HIV in a prospective study that incorporated cervical cancer prevention measures, the incidence of ICC was not significantly higher than that in a comparison group of HIV-negative women. Keywords: Cervical Cancer, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Women, Cancer Prevention.

scholarly journals Neutralizing Antibody Responses in Acute Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype C Infection

2007 ◽  
Vol 81 (12) ◽  
pp. 6187-6196 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Gray ◽  
P. L. Moore ◽  
I. A. Choge ◽  
J. M. Decker ◽  
F. Bibollet-Ruche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Subtype C ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT The study of the evolution and specificities of neutralizing antibodies during the course of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection may be important in the discovery of possible targets for vaccine design. In this study, we assessed the autologous and heterologous neutralization responses of 14 HIV-1 subtype C-infected individuals, using envelope clones obtained within the first 2 months postinfection. Our data show that potent but relatively strain-specific neutralizing antibodies develop within 3 to 12 months of HIV-1 infection. The magnitude of this response was associated with shorter V1-to-V5 envelope lengths and fewer glycosylation sites, particularly in the V1-V2 region. Anti-MPER antibodies were detected in 4 of 14 individuals within a year of infection, while antibodies to CD4-induced (CD4i) epitopes developed to high titers in 12 participants, in most cases before the development of autologous neutralizing antibodies. However, neither anti-MPER nor anti-CD4i antibody specificity conferred neutralization breadth. These data provide insights into the kinetics, potency, breadth, and epitope specificity of neutralizing antibody responses in acute HIV-1 subtype C infection.

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