scholarly journals Bioaerosol Sampling at a Live Animal Market in Kunshan, China: A Noninvasive Approach for Detecting Emergent Viruses

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinye Wang ◽  
Emily S Bailey ◽  
Xian Qi ◽  
Huiyan Yu ◽  
Changjun Bao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
H9n2 Virus ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Live Animal ◽  
Live Bird Market ◽  
Live Bird

From October to December 2018, periodic bioaerosol sampling was conducted at a live bird market in Kunshan, China. Sixty-six (55%) of 120 samples had molecular evidence of avian influenza viruses. Four yielded live H9N2 virus after egg culture.

scholarly journals The pathogenicity and transmission of live bird market H2N2 avian influenza viruses in chickens, Pekin ducks, and guinea fowl

2021 ◽  
pp. 109180
Author(s):  
Jongseo Mo ◽  
Sungsu Youk ◽  
Mary J. Pantin-Jackwood ◽  
David L. Suarez ◽  
Dong-Hun Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Guinea Fowl ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Live Bird Market ◽  
Pekin Ducks ◽  
Live Bird

scholarly journals Surveillance for avian influenza viruses in wild birds at live bird markets, Egypt, 2014‐2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 407-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed S. Kayed ◽  
Ahmed Kandeil ◽  
Mokhtar R. Gomaa ◽  
Rabeh El‐Shesheny ◽  
Sara Mahmoud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Live Bird Markets ◽  
Live Bird

scholarly journals Surveillance for low pathogenic avian influenza viruses in live-bird markets in Oyo and Ogun States, Nigeria

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 369-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Comfort Oluladun Aiki-Raji ◽  
Adebowale Idris Adebiyi ◽  
Victor Ibukun Agbajelola ◽  
Shakirat Adeola Adetunji ◽  
Quadri Lameed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Live Bird Markets ◽  
Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Live Bird

scholarly journals Contribution of Segment 3 to the Acquisition of Virulence in Contemporary H9N2 Avian Influenza Viruses

2020 ◽  
Vol 94 (20) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anabel L. Clements ◽  
Joshua E. Sealy ◽  
Thomas P. Peacock ◽  
Jean-Remy Sadeyen ◽  
Saira Hussain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
H9n2 Virus ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Single Amino Acid ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses

ABSTRACT H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) circulate in poultry throughout much of Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. These viruses cause huge economic damage to poultry production systems and pose a zoonotic threat both in their own right and in the generation of novel zoonotic viruses, for example, H7N9. In recent years, it has been observed that H9N2 viruses have further adapted to gallinaceous poultry, becoming more highly transmissible and causing higher morbidity and mortality. Here, we investigate the molecular basis for this increased virulence, comparing a virus from the 1990s and a contemporary field strain. The modern virus replicated to higher titers in various systems, and this difference mapped to a single amino acid polymorphism at position 26 of the endonuclease domain shared by the PA and PA-X proteins. This change was responsible for increased replication and higher morbidity and mortality rates along with extended tissue tropism seen in chickens. Although the PA K26E change correlated with increased host cell shutoff activity of the PA-X protein in vitro, it could not be overridden by frameshift site mutations that block PA-X expression and therefore increased PA-X activity could not explain the differences in replication phenotype. Instead, this indicates that these differences are due to subtle effects on PA function. This work gives insight into the ongoing evolution and poultry adaptation of H9N2 and other avian influenza viruses and helps us understand the striking morbidity and mortality rates in the field, as well as the rapidly expanding geographical range seen in these viruses. IMPORTANCE Avian influenza viruses, such as H9N2, cause huge economic damage to poultry production worldwide and are additionally considered potential pandemic threats. Understanding how these viruses evolve in their natural hosts is key to effective control strategies. In the Middle East and South Asia, an older H9N2 virus strain has been replaced by a new reassortant strain with greater fitness. Here, we take representative viruses and investigate the genetic basis for this “fitness.” A single mutation in the virus was responsible for greater fitness, enabling high growth of the contemporary H9N2 virus in cells, as well as in chickens. The genetic mutation that modulates this change is within the viral PA protein, a part of the virus polymerase gene that contributes to viral replication as well as to virus accessory functions—however, we find that the fitness effect is specifically due to changes in the protein polymerase activity.

scholarly journals The PB2 and M genes of genotype S H9N2 virus contribute to the enhanced fitness of H5Nx and H7N9 avian influenza viruses in chickens

Virology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 535 ◽  
pp. 218-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoli Hao ◽  
Xiaoquan Wang ◽  
Jiao Hu ◽  
Min Gu ◽  
Jiongjiong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
H9n2 Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses

scholarly journals A Decade of Avian Influenza in Bangladesh: Where Are We Now?

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rimi ◽  
Hassan ◽  
Chowdhury ◽  
Rahman ◽  
Sultana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Resource Limitation ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Predominant Genotype ◽  
Key Stakeholders ◽  
The Government ◽  
Live Bird

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) has been a public health threat in Bangladesh since the first reported outbreak in poultry in 2007. The country has undertaken numerous efforts to detect, track, and combat avian influenza viruses (AIVs). The predominant genotype of the H5N1 viruses is clade 2.3.2.1a. The persistent changing of clades of the circulating H5N1 strains suggests probable mutations that might have been occurring over time. Surveillance has provided evidence that the virus has persistently prevailed in all sectors and caused discontinuous infections. The presence of AIV in live bird markets has been detected persistently. Weak biosecurity in the poultry sector is linked with resource limitation, low risk perception, and short-term sporadic interventions. Controlling avian influenza necessitates a concerted multi-sector ‘One Health’ approach that includes the government and key stakeholders.

scholarly journals Novel reassortant of H9N2 avian influenza viruses isolated from chickens and quails in Egypt

2021 ◽  
pp. 2142-2149
Author(s):  
Moataz Elsayed ◽  
AbdelSatar Arafa ◽  
Shahira Abdelwahab ◽  
Amro Hashish ◽  
Ahmed Youssef
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
H9n2 Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Genome Variability ◽  
Commercial Chicken ◽  
Amino Acid Mutations

Background and Aim: Poultry infections with H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are endemic in Egypt. This study determined the genetic changes in the sequences of H9N2 AIVs isolated from chicken and quails in Egypt, including determining genetic reassortment and detecting the main genetic changes in hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes. Materials and Methods: Swab samples were collected from chicken and quails, examined through reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and AIVs from positive samples were isolated in embryonated chicken eggs. Complete genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses were conducted for two H9N2 AIV isolates, and sequences of HA and NA gene segments were analyzed in another two isolates. Results: A novel reassortant virus was identified from a commercial chicken flock (A/chicken/Egypt/374V/2016) and quails from a live bird market (A/quail/Egypt/1253V/2016). The reassortant viruses acquired four genome segments from the classic Egyptian H9N2 viruses (HA, NA, NP, and M) and four segments from Eurasian AIVs (PB2, PB1, PA, and NS). Many genetic changes have been demonstrated in HA and NA genes. The isolated novel reassortant H9N2 virus from quails showed amino acid mutations in the antigenic sites on the globular head of the mature HA monomer matched with the parent Egyptian H9N2 virus. Conclusion: This work described the genetic characterization of a novel reassortment of the H9N2 virus in Egypt. The emergence of new reassorted AIV viruses and genome variability raises the concern of an influenza pandemic with zoonotic potentials.

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