scholarly journals Can a microdynamic approach to sleep-onset imagery solve the overabundance problem of dreaming? Commentary on Tore Nielsen’s “Microdream neurophenomenology”

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer M Windt
Keyword(s):  
Virtual World ◽  
Sleep Onset ◽  
Virtual Self ◽  
Dream Research ◽  
Dream Imagery ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Key Questions

Abstract Nielsen proposes that a microdynamic approach to experiences occurring in the earliest stages of sleep onset, which he calls microdreams, can shed light on the process of dream imagery formation. I discuss microdreams in the context of simulation views, in which dreaming is defined as the immersive experience of a virtual world centered on a virtual self. I also evaluate his proposal to expand the dimensions included in the oneiragogic spectrum by kinesis. I conclude that while a subset of microdreams might not fulfill the conditions to count as even minimal dreams, their investigation can nonetheless help address key questions in dream research and may even constitute a distinctive pathway to the generation of full-fledged dreaming.

scholarly journals Switching Tracks? Towards a Multidimensional Model of Utilitarian Psychology

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim Albert Charlton Everett ◽  
Guy Kahane
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
Moral Dilemmas ◽  
Multidimensional Model ◽  
Utilitarian Approach ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Common Sense Morality ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Key Questions

Sacrificial moral dilemmas are widely used to investigate when, how, and why people make judgments that are consistent with utilitarianism. But to what extent can responses to sacrificial dilemmas shed light on utilitarian decision making? We consider two key questions: First, how meaningful is the relationship between responses to sacrificial dilemmas and what is distinctive of a utilitarian approach to morality? Second, to what extent do findings about sacrificial dilemmas generalise to other moral contexts where there is tension between utilitarianism and common-sense intuitions? We argue that sacrificial dilemmas only capture one point of conflict between utilitarianism and common-sense morality, and new paradigms are needed to investigate other key aspects of utilitarianism, such as its radical impartiality

5 Financial Products as Investments under Bilateral Investment Treaties and Other Multilateral Instruments with Consents to Arbitration

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rivkin David W ◽  
Friedman Mark W
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Sovereign Bonds ◽  
Financial Products ◽  
The Status ◽  
State Consent ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Made In ◽  
Key Questions

This chapter discusses the status of financial products as qualifying investments under bilateral and multilateral treaties that contain protections for foreign investment, including the signatory States' consent to submit investor-State disputes to international arbitration. It first describes how an investor and a State consent to proceed to arbitration under such a treaty. Second, it discusses how a qualifying investment is generally defined for purposes of investor-State treaty arbitration. Third, it addresses significant treaty and case law developments relating specifically to financial products — such as loan agreements, sovereign bonds, and derivatives — as qualifying investments. These developments shed light on the key questions of whether an investment exists; whether the investment was made in the territory of the host State; and whether the investment was made by the claimant investor. The chapter concludes with comments on the trend favouring inclusion of financial instruments within the definition of investment.

Cybercultures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sverker Johansson ◽  
Ylva Lindberg
Keyword(s):  
Second Life ◽  
Virtual World ◽  
Computer Mediated Communication ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
Mediated Communication ◽  
Social Rules ◽  
Symbolic Representations ◽  
Computer Mediated ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
The Continuum

This chapter aims to describe how cultures have emerged in interactions among users of the multitude of online platforms that have become available over the past few decades. It discusses innovations regarding uses of representations to communicate identity, time, and space in social practices with technology, and how cybercultures are played out in theory and in practice. Cybercultures resemble cultures in the non-virtual world—but display significant differences regarding social rules, identity, and spatiotemporal issues. Case studies of three types of cybercultures in social media: information and knowledge building on Wikipedia, culture, and virtual world building on Second Life, and dating practices on online dating services, such as Tinder, will shed light on how cyberspace allows for developing both symbolic representations and social practices through computer-mediated communication (CMC), and how users are situated in the continuum virtual-real.

scholarly journals Consumer Behaviours Towards ECO-Cars: A Case of Mauritius

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathieu Barry ◽  
Adjnu Damar-Ladkoo
Keyword(s):  
Response Rate ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
International Markets ◽  
Hybrid Vehicles ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Key Questions

AbstractMankind has always relied on transportation to move from one place to the other; be it by horse carriage or modernized vehicles. With rising environmental issues such as global warming, the transport industry had to evolve so as to provide greener means of transportation and satisfy demands for eco-friendly technologies. This study has shed light on consumer behaviours towards eco-cars, known as hybrid vehicles. This research was in the context of Mauritius and respondents who already drive a vehicle were targeted so as to prevent lack of information about key questions such as habits on fuel expenses and vehicle features. The survey method used, had 100% response rate and permitted the researcher to get fruitful insights about: the extent of introduction and penetration of hybrid vehicles, the factors influencing the purchase of eco-cars, the perceived benefits of owning a hybrid vehicle and the relationship between age and hybrid vehicles’ characteristics. One revelation of this study is that hybrid vehicles do not have the expected impacts on Mauritian consumers like they have on the international markets; though the younger generation- the leaders of tomorrow- are interested with eco-friendly automobiles.

Lost Opportunities, Partial Successes, and Key Questions: Some Historical Lessons

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan C. Tjeltveit
Keyword(s):  
Christian Faith ◽  
Historical Understanding ◽  
Academic Psychology ◽  
Christian Psychology ◽  
Psychological Dimensions ◽  
Neutral Language ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Key Questions ◽  
Mainstream Psychology

To shed light on some key perennial issues, I discuss several historical efforts to discern optimal understandings of human persons that take seriously both Christian faith and academic psychology. These include Gordon Allport's disguised integrative efforts; a 1924 book, An Elementary Christian Psychology; and Paul Meehl's 1958 integration book. I conclude that opportunities are lost: when seeking respectability becomes a primary motivator for Christians interested in psychology when psychology's implicit ethical and metaphysical assumptions are not recognized and critiqued, when efforts to create a Christian Psychology are based on a particular cultural-historical understanding of Christian faith that is assumed to be the only correct view of it, when Christians fail to engage with mainstream psychology when Christians fail to address rigorously key problems in the psychology/Christian faith interface, when Christians use ambiguous or supposedly neutral language to pursue Christian goals, and when Christians fail to work through thoroughly and develop fully the implications of Christian faith for our understandings of the psychological dimensions of embodied human persons.

scholarly journals Me, My (Moral) Self, and I

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim Albert Charlton Everett ◽  
Joshua August Skorburg ◽  
Jordan Livingston
Keyword(s):  
Personal Identity ◽  
Interdisciplinary Collaboration ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Empirical Methods ◽  
Moral Self ◽  
Neuroscience Research ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Philosophical Questions ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Key Questions

In this chapter we critically review interdisciplinary work from philosophy, psychology, and neuroscience to shed light on perceptions of personal identity and selfhood. We review recent research that has addressed traditional philosophical questions about personal identity using empirical methods, focusing on the “moral self effect”: the finding that morality, more so than memory, is perceived to be at the core of personal identity. We raise and respond to a number of key questions and criticisms about this work. We begin by considering the operationalization of identity concepts in the empirical literature, before turning to explore the boundary conditions of “moral self effect” and how generalizable it is, and then reflecting on how this work might be connected more deeply with other neuroscience research shedding light on the self. Throughout, we highlight connections between classical themes in philosophy, psychology, and neuroscience, while also suggesting new directions for interdisciplinary collaboration.

scholarly journals Behaviour, biology, and evolution of vocal learning in bats

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonja C. Vernes ◽  
Gerald S. Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Vocal Tract ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Vocal Learning ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Current State ◽  
Evolution Of Speech ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Key Questions

SummaryThe comparative approach can provide insight into the evolution of human speech, language, and social communication by studying relevant traits in animal systems. Bats are emerging as a model system with great potential to shed light on these processes given their learned vocalisations, close social interactions, and mammalian brains and physiology. A recent framework outlined the multiple levels of investigation needed to understand vocal learning across a broad range of non-human species including cetaceans, pinnipeds, elephants, birds and bats. Herein we apply this framework to the current state of the art in bat research. This encompasses our understanding of the abilities bats have displayed for vocal learning, what is known about the timing and social structure needed for such learning, and current knowledge about the prevalence of the trait across the order. It also addresses the biology (vocal tract morphology, neurobiology, and genetics) and phylogenetics of this trait. We conclude by highlighting some key questions that should be answered to advance our understanding of the biological encoding and evolution of speech and spoken communication.

scholarly journals Designing a Virtual World to Mirror the Real Challenges of Life as an Amputee

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 105-110
Author(s):  
Sandra Winkler ◽  
John Kairalla ◽  
Ann Ludwig ◽  
Chris Fowler
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Virtual World ◽  
Serious Games ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Self Management ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Management Intervention ◽  
Virtual Self ◽  
Measured Effect ◽  
World Environment

The purpose of this research was to further understand the experience of using a customized avatar in a virtual world to practice desired health behaviors. By triangulating the quantitative and qualitative data of 12 amputee participants, we discovered that salient factors of having an amputation had a profound impact on the measure of health outcomes. This in turn masked the measured effect of the virtual self-management intervention on health outcomes. We also learned that our training was not closely enough aligned with the constructs that we measured. We discuss how to address these gaps in future studies including adding serious games to a virtual world environment to facilitate disclosure of and adjustment to the salient factors and to better align the simulations with desired outcomes.

Corruption

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ray Fisman ◽  
Miriam A. Golden
Keyword(s):  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Front Page ◽  
Public Officials ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Key Questions

Corruption regularly makes front page headlines: public officials embezzling government monies, selling public offices, and trading bribes for favors to private companies generate public indignation and calls for reform. In Corruption: What Everyone Needs to Know®, renowned scholars Ray Fisman and Miriam A. Golden provide a deeper understanding of why corruption is so damaging politically, socially, and economically. Among the key questions examined are: is corruption the result of perverse economic incentives? Does it stem from differences in culture and tolerance for illicit acts of government officials? Why don't voters throw corrupt politicians out of office? Vivid examples from a wide range of countries and situations shed light on the causes of corruption, and how it can be combated.

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