Context. We have investigated the dichotomy between jetted and non-jetted active galactic nuclei (AGNs), focusing on the fundamental differences of these two classes in the accretion physics onto the central supermassive black hole (SMBH). We tested the validity of the unification model of AGNs through the characterization of the mutual interaction between accreting and outflowing matter in radio galaxies.
Aims. Our aim is to study and constrain the structure, kinematics and physical state of the nuclear environment in the broad line radio galaxy (BLRG) PKS 2251+11. The high X-ray luminosity and the relative proximity make such AGN an ideal candidate for a detailed analysis of the accretion regions in radio galaxies. The investigation will help to shed light on the analogies and differences between the BLRGs and the larger class of radio-quiet Seyfert galaxies and hence on the processes that trigger the launch of a relativistic jet.
Methods. We performed a spectral and timing analysis of a ∼64 ks observation of PKS 2251+11 in the X-ray band with XMM-Newton. We modeled the spectrum considering an absorbed power law superimposed to a reflection component. We performed a time-resolved spectral analysis to search for variability of the X-ray flux and of the individual spectral components.
Results. We find that the power law has a photon index Γ = 1.8 ± 0.1, absorbed by an ionized partial covering medium with a column density NH = (10.1 ± 0.8) × 1023 cm−2, a ionization parameter log ξ = 1.3 ± 0.1 erg s−1 cm and a covering factor f ≃ 90%. Considering a density of the absorber typical of the broad line region (BLR), its distance from the central SMBH is of the order of r ∼ 0.1 pc. An Fe Kα emission line is found at 6.4 keV, whose intensity shows variability on timescales of hours. We derive that the reflecting material is located at a distance r ≳ 600rs, where rs is the Schwarzschild radius.
Conclusions. Concerning the X-ray properties, we found that PKS 2251+11 does not differ significantly from the non-jetted AGNs, confirming the validity of the unified model in describing the inner regions around the central SMBH, but the lack of information regarding the state of the very innermost disk and SMBH spin still leaves unconstrained the origin of the jet.
Radio/X-ray monitoring of the broad-line radio galaxy 3C 382. High-energy view with XMM–Newton and NuSTAR