scholarly journals Ordered models for concept representation

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1143-1181
Author(s):  
Michael Freund
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Partial Order ◽  
Interesting Consequence ◽  
Concept Representation ◽  
Order Relations ◽  
Concept Induction ◽  
Rigorous Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Concept Theory

Abstract Basic notions linked with concept theory can be accounted for by partial order relations. These orders translate the fact that, for an agent, an object may be seen as a better or a more typical exemplar of a concept than anyother. They adequately model notions linked with categorial membership, typicality and resemblance, without any of the drawbacks that are classically encountered in conjunction theory. An interesting consequence of such a concept representation is the possibility of using the tools of non-monotonic logic to address some well-known problems of cognitive psychology. Thus, conceptual entailment and concept induction can be reexamined in the framework of preferential inference relations. This leads to a rigorous definition of the basic notions used in the study of category-based induction.

Order in open intervals of computable reals

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAN VON PLATO
Keyword(s):  
Partial Order ◽  
Order Structure ◽  
Order Relations ◽  
Suitable Definition ◽  
Definition Of

In constructive theories, an apartness relation is often taken as basic and its negation used as equality. An apartness relation should be continuous in its arguments, as in the case of computable reals. A similar approach can be taken to order relations. We shall here study the partial order on open intervals of computable reals. Since order on reals is undecidable, there is no simple uniformly applicable lattice meet operation that would always produce non-negative intervals as values. We show how to solve this problem by a suitable definition of apartness for intervals. We also prove the strong extensionality of the lattice operations, where by strong extensionality of an operation f on elements a, b we mean that apartness of values implies apartness in some of the arguments: f(a, b)≠f(c, d) ⊃a≠c∨b≠d.Most approaches to computable reals start from a concrete definition. We shall instead represent them by an abstract axiomatically introduced order structure.

“The Unconscious” in Current Psychology

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Norman
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Verbal Report ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Operational Definition ◽  
The Unconscious ◽  
Apparent Lack ◽  
Unconscious Processing ◽  
Unconscious Processes ◽  
Intermediate States ◽  
Definition Of

A series of vignette examples taken from psychological research on motivation, emotion, decision making, and attitudes illustrates how the influence of unconscious processes is often measured in a range of different behaviors. However, the selected studies share an apparent lack of explicit operational definition of what is meant by consciousness, and there seems to be substantial disagreement about the properties of conscious versus unconscious processing: Consciousness is sometimes equated with attention, sometimes with verbal report ability, and sometimes operationalized in terms of behavioral dissociations between different performance measures. Moreover, the examples all seem to share a dichotomous view of conscious and unconscious processes as being qualitatively different. It is suggested that cognitive research on consciousness can help resolve the apparent disagreement about how to define and measure unconscious processing, as is illustrated by a selection of operational definitions and empirical findings from modern cognitive psychology. These empirical findings also point to the existence of intermediate states of conscious awareness, not easily classifiable as either purely conscious or purely unconscious. Recent hypotheses from cognitive psychology, supplemented with models from social, developmental, and clinical psychology, are then presented all of which are compatible with the view of consciousness as a graded rather than an all-or-none phenomenon. Such a view of consciousness would open up for explorations of intermediate states of awareness in addition to more purely conscious or purely unconscious states and thereby increase our understanding of the seemingly “unconscious” aspects of mental life.

What’s in, what’s out? Towards a rigorous definition of the boundaries of benefit-cost analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Daniel Acland
Keyword(s):  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Consumer Sovereignty ◽  
Benefit Cost Analysis ◽  
Rigorous Definition ◽  
Pareto Criterion ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Benefit Cost

Abstract Benefit-cost analysis (BCA) is typically defined as an implementation of the potential Pareto criterion, which requires inclusion of any impact for which individuals have willingness to pay (WTP). This definition is incompatible with the exclusion of impacts such as rights and distributional concerns, for which individuals do have WTP. I propose a new definition: BCA should include only impacts for which consumer sovereignty should govern. This is because WTP implicitly preserves consumer sovereignty, and is thus only appropriate for ‘sovereignty-warranting’ impacts. I compare the high cost of including non-sovereignty-warranting impacts to the relatively low cost of excluding sovereignty-warranting impacts.

scholarly journals Dez pontos sobre apresentações de slides, suas características e implicações para a prática docente

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (33) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Renata Amorim Cadena ◽  
Solange Galvão Coutinho
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Educational Context ◽  
Education Management ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Slide Shows

In this article, we describe important aspects of slide shows in ten topics, which involve: (a) the definition of this artefact; (b) its characteristics, linked to its historical development; (c) some criticism and problems in its structure and use; (d) results of empirical research regarding its use in an educational context; and (e) recommendations for improved practices in designing slideshows. The source of data was extracted from a literature review of several articles and books mainly from the areas of Education, Management and Cognitive Psychology.

scholarly journals Regreso al vacío: sobre ausencia y desaparición social (Back to the void. Concerning absence and social disappearance)

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Gatti ◽  
Jaume Peris ◽  
Iñaki Robles Elong ◽  
Silvia Rodríguez Maeso ◽  
Ramón Sáez Valcárcel
Keyword(s):  
Rigorous Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Sobre Todo ◽  
The Disappeared

La ausencia es un tópico común en los textos que toman a la desaparición forzada o al desaparecido como objeto de interés. No es extraño, pues se han conseguido a partir de ese concepto resultados poderosos. Sin embargo, como en casi todo lo que se naturaliza, el contenido del concepto y de sus declinaciones ha perdido fuelle y cuesta saber de qué se habla cuando se habla de ausencia. Dentro del esfuerzo por construir una definición rigurosa de “desaparición social”, este texto regresa sobre el concepto, observa sus usos más instalados y sobre todo busca vías para volver a llenarlo de contenido. En este texto daremos algunos pasos en esa renovación. Absence is a common topic in the literature that analyzes forced disappearances and the disappeared. This is understandable because approaches from this concept have brought about remarkable insights. However, as it usually happens when something is naturalized, the concept’s content and its derivations have lost centrality and we find it hard to tell what’s the meaning of this concept. In an endeavor to develop a rigorous definition of “social disappearance”, this article looks back at the concept, focuses on its dominant uses and, above all, searches for ways to fill it with content. The present work moves forward with the renovation of this notion.

scholarly journals Intentionality: A philosophical-cognitive approach to mental representations

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (39) ◽  
pp. 819
Author(s):  
Cleverson Leite Bastos ◽  
Tomas Rodolfo Drunkenmolle
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Mental Representation ◽  
Philosophy Of Mind ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Hard Core ◽  
Explanatory Models ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Definition Of

This article critically analyses the notion of intentionality from several philosophical cognitive points of view. The authors argue that the notion of mental representation in the wider sense and intentionality in the narrower sense remains elusive despite accommodated paradoxes, improved semantic precision and more sophisticated strategies in dealing with intentionality. We will argue that different approaches to intentionality appear to be coherent in their inferences. However, most of them become contradictory and mutually exclusive when juxtaposed and applied to borderline questions. While the explanatory value of both philosophy of mind as well as cognitive psychology should not be underestimated, we must note that not even hard-core neuroscience has been able to pin point what is going on in our minds, let alone come up with a clear cut explanation how it works or a definition of what thought really is. To date, however, intentionality is the best of all explanatory models regarding mental representations.

scholarly journals Abstraction and context in concept representation

2003 ◽  
Vol 358 (1435) ◽  
pp. 1251-1259 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Hampton
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Knowledge Representation ◽  
Conceptual Knowledge ◽  
Context Dependence ◽  
Levels Of Abstraction ◽  
Concept Representation ◽  
Theoretical Dimension

This paper develops the notion of abstraction in the context of the psychology of concepts, and discusses its relation to context dependence in knowledge representation. Three general approaches to modelling conceptual knowledge from the domain of cognitive psychology are discussed, which serve to illustrate a theoretical dimension of increasing levels of abstraction.

On the comparison of waiting times in tandem queues

1981 ◽  
Vol 18 (03) ◽  
pp. 707-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shun-Chen Niu
Keyword(s):  
Waiting Time ◽  
Queueing System ◽  
Waiting Times ◽  
Distribution Functions ◽  
Partial Ordering ◽  
Tandem Queues ◽  
Order Relations ◽  
Service Distribution ◽  
In Series ◽  
Definition Of

Using a definition of partial ordering of distribution functions, it is proven that for a tandem queueing system with many stations in series, where each station can have either one server with an arbitrary service distribution or a number of constant servers in parallel, the expected total waiting time in system of every customer decreases as the interarrival and service distributions becomes smaller with respect to that ordering. Some stronger conclusions are also given under stronger order relations. Using these results, bounds for the expected total waiting time in system are then readily obtained for wide classes of tandem queues.

Secondary Stresses in Airship Hull Structures

1927 ◽  
Vol 31 (204) ◽  
pp. 1073-1109
Author(s):  
J. F. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
External Load ◽  
Structural Engineering ◽  
Secondary Stress ◽  
Rigorous Definition ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Redundant Structure ◽  
Ball Joints ◽  
External Loads

In no branch of structural engineering is there a rigorous definition of the term “secondary stress.”If the primary stresses in a structure are determined, that is, the stresses in the members due to an external load system, assuming that all the members are joined together by perfect pin- or ball-joints, then the secondary stresses are in general taken to be the additional stresses due to the rigidity of the actual joints used in practice.In such a highly redundant structure as an airship hull the labour involved, in determining even the primary stresses, precludes the use of the normal methods of stressing. It is usual to make use of generalised methods which give approximate results. These generalised methods imply that the external loads are applied to the structure in a certain distribution. Though this is rarely achieved, yet the results obtained are in most cases sufficiently accurate if suitable bracing is supplied to redistribute the external loads over the cross-section; the effect of the initial wrong distribution being then merely local.

The Development and Application of Smart Garment Materials

2010 ◽  
Vol 129-131 ◽  
pp. 472-475
Author(s):  
Li Hui Cao ◽  
Ying Lin Li
Keyword(s):  
Shape Memory ◽  
Smart Materials ◽  
Electronic Materials ◽  
National Market ◽  
Sensory Capacity ◽  
Shape Memory Materials ◽  
Smart Garments ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Concept Theory ◽  
Stimulation Of

Priority has been giving to smart garment materials in modern textile clothing industries. The definition of smart garment material can be described as the material which has the sensory capacity to the stimulation of the surroundings or the environmental elements and can make responses accordingly and meanwhile, maintain the typical features and garment functions. Sensory capacity, feedback and response are the three main elements of the smart garment material. Five relative mature and widely used smart materials, including shape memory materials, waterproof and moisture permeable materials, temperature adaptable materials, photo chromic and thermo chromic materials, and electronic materials, were thoroughly reviewed in terms of concept, theory and up-to-date applications. The aim was to give an overview to national garment designers and manufacturers in China and to explore the potential of developing smart garments for the national market.

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