scholarly journals 13C-photosynthate accumulation in Japanese pear fruit during the period of rapid fruit growth is limited by the sink strength of fruit rather than by the transport capacity of the pedicel

2005 ◽  
Vol 56 (420) ◽  
pp. 2713-2719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caixi Zhang ◽  
Kenji Tanabe ◽  
Fumio Tamura ◽  
Kazuhiro Matsumoto ◽  
Akira Yoshida
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Japanese Pear ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Transport Capacity ◽  
Pear Fruit

Roles of gibberellins in increasing sink demand in Japanese pear fruit during rapid fruit growth

2007 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caixi Zhang ◽  
Kenji Tanabe ◽  
Fumio Tamura ◽  
Akihiro Itai ◽  
Masashi Yoshida
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Japanese Pear ◽  
Pear Fruit ◽  
Sink Demand

scholarly journals Reassessment of Seed Influence on Return Bloom and Fruit Growth in 'Bartlett' Pear

HortScience ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven A. Weinbaum ◽  
Theodore M. DeJong ◽  
John Maki
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Pyrus Communis ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Pear Fruit ◽  
Biennial Bearing ◽  
Seedless Fruit ◽  
Return Bloom ◽  
Commercially Important ◽  
Pear Trees

In a simple, yet elegant experiment conducted 30 years ago, Chan and Cain (1967) using 'Spencer Seedless', a facultatively parthenocarpic apple (Malus×domestica Borkh.) cultivar, proposed that seeds inhibited flowering and accentuated biennial bearing in apple. Their conclusions have been extrapolated widely to include apple and other species. We have tested the universality of their conclusions using 'Bartlett' pear (Pyrus communis L.), a commercially important, facultatively parthenocarpic cultivar. Unlike 'Spencer Seedless' apples and seedless 'Bartlett' pear grown in France, California-grown seedless 'Bartlett' pear fruit strongly inhibited flowering the following year. However, the presence of seeds increased 'Bartlett' pear fruit size relative to seedless fruit by 13% and 20% in nonthinned and heavily-thinned pear trees, respectively, indicating that seeds increased fruit sink strength.

scholarly journals Spur Characteristics, Fruit Growth, and Carbon Partitioning in Two Late-maturing Japanese Pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) Cultivars with Contrasting Fruit Size

2005 ◽  
Vol 130 (2) ◽  
pp. 252-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caixi Zhang ◽  
Kenji Tanabe ◽  
Fumio Tamura ◽  
Akihiro Itai ◽  
Shiping Wang
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Carbon Partitioning ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Japanese Pear ◽  
Pyrus Pyrifolia ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Total Leaf Area

The aim of this study was to investigate the roles of spur characteristics and carbon partitioning in regulating cultivar differences in fruit size of two late-maturing japanese pear cultivars, `Atago' and `Shinkou'. The study of spur characteristics showed that the two cultivars displayed different patterns in leaf development, flower characteristics, fruit growth, and shoot type. In contrast to `Atago' with dramatically larger fruit, `Shinkou' is a heavily spurred cultivar with a higher total leaf area and leaf number per spur early in fruit growth, less vegetative shoots, and smaller fruit but larger core. No significant differences were obtained in specific leaf weight, leaf thickness, chlorophyll content, and net photosynthesis of mature leaves, and seed number per fruit between the two cultivars. The results of trace experiment with 13C revealed that on a spur basis, there were no significant differences in the amount of 13C assimilate produced by spur leaves on each labeling date except at 190 days after anthesis, however, there were highly significant differences in the amount of 13C allocated to fruit between cultivars. Moreover, a higher amount of 13C assimilates was allocated to `Atago' flesh (or fruit) than that in `Shinkou'. Analysis of relative sink strength (RSS) indicates that the sink strength of fruit was dominant over those of other organs in the spur measured in both cultivars except at the early stage of fruit growth. `Atago' exhibited a greater RSS of fruit and lower losses of 13C for respiration and export than `Shinkou'. These results suggest that the movement of photosynthates into the fruit was determined by sink strength of the fruit rather than the source strength in the two cultivars.

scholarly journals Differential Expression of Members of the β-Galactosidase Gene Family during Japanese Pear (Pyrus pyrifolia L.) Fruit Growth and On-tree Ripening

2005 ◽  
Vol 130 (6) ◽  
pp. 819-829 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akira Tateishi ◽  
Kenji Nagashima ◽  
Francis M. Mathooko ◽  
Mercy W. Mwaniki ◽  
Yasutaka Kubo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Consensus Sequence ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Japanese Pear ◽  
Glycoside Hydrolase Family ◽  
Pyrus Pyrifolia ◽  
Pear Fruit ◽  
Ripe Fruit ◽  
Cell Wall Disassembly

Galactosidases are thought to play a key role in cell wall metabolism during fruit growth and ripening. In this study we cloned seven β-galactosidase (β-Gal) cDNAs from japanese pear fruit and designated them PpGAL2, PpGAL3, Pp-GAL4, PpGAL5, PpGAL6, PpGAL7, and PpGAL8, in addition to the previously described JP-GAL hereinafter termed PpGAL1. mRNA expression patterns of these clones were characterized throughout fruit growth and on-tree ripening, and in leaves and shoots in three japanese pear cultivars, `Housui', `Kousui', and `Niitaka'. The shared amino acid sequence identity among the eight japanese pear β-Gal (PpGAL) clones ranged from 50% to 60%. They all contained the putative active site containing consensus sequence pattern G-G-P-[LIVM](2)-x(2)-Q-X-E-N-E-[FY] belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 35. Expression of all the clones was both development- and tissue-specific. PpGAL1 and Pp-GAL4 were only expressed in the ripe fruit while PpGAL2 and PpGAL3 were expressed in both expanding and ripening fruit with their abundance being highest in the ripe fruit. The abundance of PpGAL5, PpGAL6, and PpGAL7 mRNAs was highest in expanding fruit but decreased drastically upon the onset of ripening. PpGAL8 was only detected in very young fruit (15 days after full bloom) and not in expanding and ripening fruit. These results indicate that in japanese pear fruit β-Gal is encoded by a multigene family whose members show distinct and overlapping expression during the various phases of fruit development. Some of the members are not only fruit-specific but also ripening-specific and, therefore, may play a crucial role in cell wall disassembly during japanese pear fruit softening.

scholarly journals Modeling Relationship between Japanese Pear Fruit Growth and Solar Radiation.

1993 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 329-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshihiko SUGIURA ◽  
Hitoshi HONJO ◽  
Sukeyuki ONO ◽  
Toshikazu ASAKURA ◽  
Fukuya KAMOTA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Japanese Pear ◽  
Pear Fruit

Purification and characterization of two soluble acid invertase isozymes from Japanese pear fruit

2003 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Hashizume ◽  
Koji Tanase ◽  
Katsuhiro Shiratake ◽  
Hitoshi Mori ◽  
Shohei Yamaki
Keyword(s):  
Acid Invertase ◽  
Japanese Pear ◽  
Pear Fruit ◽  
Purification And Characterization ◽  
Soluble Acid Invertase ◽  
Soluble Acid

Pear fruit growth under regulated deficit irrigation in container-grown trees

2000 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 243-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Marsal ◽  
H.F Rapoport ◽  
T Manrique ◽  
J Girona
Keyword(s):  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Pear Fruit ◽  
Regulated Deficit Irrigation

The development of stone cells in Japanese pear fruit

2008 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Nii ◽  
T. Kawahara ◽  
Y. Nakao
Keyword(s):  
Japanese Pear ◽  
Pear Fruit

scholarly journals Sorbitol- and Other Sugar-induced Expressions of the NAD+-dependent Sorbitol Dehydrogenase Gene in Japanese Pear Fruit

2004 ◽  
Vol 129 (6) ◽  
pp. 870-875 ◽  
Author(s):  
Motoko Iida ◽  
Nancy A. Bantog ◽  
Kunio Yamada ◽  
Katsuhiro Shiratake ◽  
Shohei Yamaki
Keyword(s):  
Sorbitol Dehydrogenase ◽  
Japanese Pear ◽  
Sugar Accumulation ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Pear Fruit ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Significant Stimulation ◽  
Enhanced Expression ◽  
Pyrus Serotina ◽  
Steady State Levels

The regulation of NAD+-dependent sorbitol dehydrogenase (NAD-SDH, EC 1.1.1.14) by sugar was investigated by using sliced tissues of japanese pear (Pyrus serotina Nakai cv. Kousui) fruit in order to determine its role in the mechanism of sugar accumulation in fruit tissue. The results of the activities and steady-state levels of the protein and mRNA indicate that NAD-SDH in japanese pear fruit is among the sugar-inducible genes. By preincubating the sliced tissues for 16 hours in a medium without sugar, NAD-SDH activity declined and reached a stable level that was maintained for up to 40 hours. The washing procedure also reduced the sugar concentration in the apoplast and cytosol of the sliced tissues to low concentrations and enabled them to be manipulated by exogenous applications of carbohydrate solutions. Incubation of tissues in 50 or 100 mm sorbitol for 8 hours led to enhanced expression of the NAD-SDH gene as determined by increased mRNA and protein levels and enhanced enzyme activity. The presence of 100 mm glucose, sucrose, or mannitol also gave significant stimulation on the levels of activity, protein, and mRNA of NAD-SDH compared with those of control tissues bathed in media in which the osmotic potential had been adjusted to that of the sugar solutions by adding polyethylene glycol. However, fructose was ineffective in stimulating NAD-SDH activities and the level of the protein was not enhanced but the level of mRNA was increased. Therefore, it is suggested that NAD-SDH gene transcription is enhanced by each sugar investigated, and fructose appears to be unique as it also influences NAD-SDH at a post-transcriptional level.

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