RIN13-mediated disease resistance depends on the SNC1–EDS1/PAD4 signaling pathway in Arabidopsis

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (22) ◽  
pp. 7393-7404
Author(s):  
Xiaoxiao Liu ◽  
Hui Liu ◽  
Jingjing He ◽  
Siyuan Zhang ◽  
Hui Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Constitutive Expression ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Nuclear Accumulation ◽  
Plant Defense Responses ◽  
High Accumulation ◽  
Interacting Protein ◽  
Pathogen Invasion ◽  
Pathogenesis Related

Abstract Plants have evolved an innate immune system to protect themselves from pathogen invasion with the help of intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors, though the mechanisms remain largely undefined. RIN13 (RPM1-interacting protein 13) was previously reported to enhance disease resistance, and suppress RPM1 (a CNL-type NLR)-mediated hypersensitive response in Arabidopsis via an as yet unknown mechanism. Here, we show that RIN13 is a nuclear-localized protein, and functions therein. Overexpression of RIN13 leads to autoimmunity with high accumulation of salicylic acid (SA), constitutive expression of pathogenesis-related genes, enhanced resistance to a virulent pathogen, and dwarfism. In addition, genetic and transcriptome analyses show that SA-dependent and SA-independent pathways are both required for RIN13-mediated disease resistance, with the EDS1/PAD4 complex as an integration point. RIN13-induced dwarfism was rescued completely by either the pad4-1 or the eds1-2 mutant but partially by snc1-r1, a mutant of the TNL gene SNC1, suggesting the involvement of EDS1/PAD4 and SNC1 in RIN13 functioning. Furthermore, transient expression assays indicated that RIN13 promotes the nuclear accumulation of PAD4. Collectively, our study uncovered a signaling pathway whereby SNC1 and EDS1/PAD4 act together to modulate RIN13-triggered plant defense responses.

scholarly journals WRKY Transcription Factors Shared by BTH-Induced Resistance and NPR1-Mediated Acquired Resistance Improve Broad-Spectrum Disease Resistance in Wheat

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huanpeng Li ◽  
Jiaojiao Wu ◽  
Xiaofeng Shang ◽  
Miaomiao Geng ◽  
Jing Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Induced Resistance ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Wrky Transcription Factors ◽  
Pathogen Invasion ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Transgenic Lines

In Arabidopsis, both pathogen invasion and benzothiadiazole (BTH) treatment activate the nonexpresser of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (NPR1)-mediated systemic acquired resistance, which provides broad-spectrum disease resistance to secondary pathogen infection. However, the BTH-induced resistance in Triticeae crops of wheat and barley seems to be accomplished through an NPR1-independent pathway. In the current investigation, we applied transcriptome analysis on barley transgenic lines overexpressing wheat wNPR1 (wNPR1-OE) and knocking down barley HvNPR1 (HvNPR1-Kd) to reveal the role of NPR1 during the BTH-induced resistance. Most of the previously designated barley chemical-induced (BCI) genes were upregulated in an NPR1-independent manner, whereas the expression levels of several pathogenesis-related (PR) genes were elevated upon BTH treatment only in wNPR1-OE. Two barley WRKY transcription factors, HvWRKY6 and HvWRKY70, were predicted and further validated as key regulators shared by the BTH-induced resistance and the NPR1-mediated acquired resistance. Wheat transgenic lines overexpressing HvWRKY6 and HvWRKY70 showed different degrees of enhanced resistance to Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici pathotype CYR32 and Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici pathotype E20. In conclusion, the transcriptional changes of BTH-induced resistance in barley were initially profiled, and the identified key regulators would be valuable resources for the genetic improvement of broad-spectrum disease resistance in wheat. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .

scholarly journals The Absence of Nops Secretion in Sinorhizobium fredii HH103 Increases GmPR1 Expression in Williams Soybean

2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 1445-1454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Javier López-Baena ◽  
José Antonio Monreal ◽  
Francisco Pérez-Montaño ◽  
Beatriz Guasch-Vidal ◽  
Ramón A. Bellogín ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Defense ◽  
Type Iii Secretion ◽  
Transcriptional Regulators ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Secretion System ◽  
Plant Defense Responses ◽  
Sinorhizobium Fredii ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Complete Set ◽  
Soybean Roots

Sinorhizobium fredii HH103 secretes through the type III secretion system at least eight nodulation outer proteins (Nops), including the effector NopP. These proteins are necessary for an effective nodulation of soybean. In this work, we show that expression of the nopP gene depended on flavonoids and on the transcriptional regulators NodD1 and TtsI. Inactivation of nopP led to an increase in the symbiotic capacity of S. fredii HH103 to nodulate Williams soybean. In addition, we studied whether Nops affect the expression of the pathogenesis-related genes GmPR1, GmPR2, and GmPR3 in soybean roots and shoots. In the presence of S. fredii HH103, expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) gene PR1 was induced in soybean roots 4 days after inoculation and it increased 8 days after inoculation. The absence of Nops provoked a higher induction of PR1 in both soybean roots and shoots, suggesting that Nops function early, diminishing plant defense responses during rhizobial infection. However, the inactivation of nopP led to a decrease in PR1 expression. Therefore, the absence of NopP or that of the complete set of Nops seems to have opposite effects on the symbiotic performance and on the elicitation of soybean defense responses.

Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses reveal regulation of terpene biosynthesis in the stems of Sindora glabra

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niu Yu ◽  
Zhaoli Chen ◽  
Jinchang Yang ◽  
Rongsheng Li ◽  
Wentao Zou
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Terpene Synthase ◽  
Transcriptional Expression ◽  
Plant Defense Responses ◽  
Terpene Biosynthesis ◽  
Jasmonic Acid Signaling ◽  
Salicylic Acid Signaling ◽  
Meja Treatment

Abstract Sesquiterpenes are important defensive secondary metabolites that are synthesized in various plant organs. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) plays a key role in plant defense responses and secondary metabolism. Sindora glabra produces abundant sesquiterpenes in their trunks and was subjected to investigation after MeJA treatment in order to characterize the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of sesquiterpene biosynthesis in plant stems and further our understanding of oleoresin production in trees. A total of 14 types of sesquiterpenes in the stems of mature S. glabra trees were identified. The levels of two sesquiterpenes, α-copaene and β-caryophyllene, significantly increased after MeJA treatment. Differentially expressed genes involved in terpenoid backbone biosynthesis were significantly enriched over time, while the expression of JAZ genes involved in the jasmonic acid signaling pathway and TGA genes involved in the salicylic acid signaling pathway was significantly enriched at later time points after treatment. Two new terpene synthase genes, SgSTPS4 and SgSTPS5, were also identified. Following MeJA treatment, the expression levels of SgSTPS1, SgSTPS2, and SgSTPS4 decreased, while SgSTPS5 expression increased. The major enzymatic products of SgSTPS4 were identified as β-elemene and cyperene, while SgSTPS5 was identified as a bifunctional mono/sesquiterpene synthase that could catalyze FPP to produce nine types of sesquiterpenes, including α-copaene and β-caryophyllene, while SgSTPS5 could also use GPP to produce geraniol. Dramatic changes in the amounts of α-copaene and β-caryophyllene in response to MeJA were correlated with transcriptional expression changes of SgSTPS5 in the wood tissues. In addition, the transcription factors MYB, NAC, ARF, WRKY, MYC, ERF, and GRAS were co-expressed with terpene biosynthesis genes and might potentially regulate terpene biosynthesis. Metabolite changes were further investigated with UPLC-TOF/MS following MeJA treatment. These results contribute to the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of terpene biosynthesis and regulation as well as to the identification of candidate genes involved in these processes.

scholarly journals VaCRK2 Mediates Gray Mold Resistance in Vitis amurensis by Activating the Jasmonate Signaling Pathway

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1672
Author(s):  
Tinggang Li ◽  
Huanhuan Gao ◽  
Xiaoning Tang ◽  
Dongying Gong
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Plant Disease Resistance ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Vitis Amurensis ◽  
Pr Genes ◽  
Ros Accumulation ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Mold Resistance ◽  
Ja Signaling

Cysteine-rich receptor-like kinases (CRKs) are ubiquitous plant receptor-like kinases, which play a significant role in plant disease resistance. Gray mold is an economically important disease of grapes caused by Botrytis cinerea. However, CRK genes and their function in gray mold disease resistance in grapes have not been elucidated. This study aimed to identify and characterize CRKs in grapes and determine their role in gray mold resistance. Four CRKs were identified in Vitis amurensis and named VaCRK1–VaCRK4 according to their genomic distribution. The four VaCRKs were ectopically expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana to study their function in defense response against B. cinerea. Heterologous expression of VaCRK2 in A. thaliana conferred resistance to B. cinerea. VaCRK2 expression in gray mold-resistant grape cultivar increased significantly after B. cinerea inoculation and methyl jasmonate treatment. Furthermore, the expression of jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway-related genes in VaCRK2 overexpression lines of A. thaliana was significantly increased after B. cinerea inoculation, leading to the upregulation of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Overall, these results suggest that VaCRK2 confers resistance to B. cinerea by activating PR gene expression and oxidative burst through the JA signaling pathway.

scholarly journals The Versatile Roles of Sulfur-Containing Biomolecules in Plant Defense—A Road to Disease Resistance

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1705
Author(s):  
András Künstler ◽  
Gábor Gullner ◽  
Attila L. Ádám ◽  
Judit Kolozsváriné Kolozsváriné Nagy ◽  
Lóránt Király
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Plant Defense ◽  
Plant Disease Resistance ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Plant Defense Responses ◽  
Defense Compounds ◽  
Protein Functions ◽  
Sulfur Containing

Sulfur (S) is an essential plant macronutrient and the pivotal role of sulfur compounds in plant disease resistance has become obvious in recent decades. This review attempts to recapitulate results on the various functions of sulfur-containing defense compounds (SDCs) in plant defense responses to pathogens. These compounds include sulfur containing amino acids such as cysteine and methionine, the tripeptide glutathione, thionins and defensins, glucosinolates and phytoalexins and, last but not least, reactive sulfur species and hydrogen sulfide. SDCs play versatile roles both in pathogen perception and initiating signal transduction pathways that are interconnected with various defense processes regulated by plant hormones (salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and ethylene) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Importantly, ROS-mediated reversible oxidation of cysteine residues on plant proteins have profound effects on protein functions like signal transduction of plant defense responses during pathogen infections. Indeed, the multifaceted plant defense responses initiated by SDCs should provide novel tools for plant breeding to endow crops with efficient defense responses to invading pathogens.

scholarly journals Dynamics and Endocytosis of Flot1 in Arabidopsis Require CPI1 Function

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yangyang Cao ◽  
Qizouhong He ◽  
Zengxing Qi ◽  
Yan Zhang ◽  
Liang Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Sterol Composition ◽  
Single Particle Tracking ◽  
Membrane Microdomains ◽  
Plant Defense Responses ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Pathogen Invasion ◽  
Membrane Microdomain

Membrane microdomains are nano-scale domains (10–200 nm) enriched in sterols and sphingolipids. They have many important biological functions, including vesicle transport, endocytosis, and pathogen invasion. A previous study reported that the membrane microdomain-associated protein Flotillin1 (Flot1) was involved in plant development in Arabidopsis thaliana; however, whether sterols affect the plant immunity conveyed by Flot1 is unknown. Here, we showed that the root length in sterol-deficient cyclopropylsterol isomerase 1 (cpi1-1) mutants expressing Flot1 was significantly shorter than in control seedlings. The cotyledon epidermal cells in cpi1-1 mutants expressing Flot1 were smaller than in controls. Moreover, variable-angle total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (VA-TIRFM) and single-particle tracking (SPT) analysis demonstrated that the long-distance Flot1-GFP movement was decreased significantly in cpi1-1 mutants compared with the control seedlings. Meanwhile, the value of the diffusion coefficient Ĝ was dramatically decreased in cpi1-1 mutants after flagelin22 (flg22) treatment compared with the control seedlings, indicating that sterols affect the lateral mobility of Flot1-GFP within the plasma membrane. Importantly, using confocal microscopy, we determined that the endocytosis of Flot1-GFP was decreased in cpi1-1 mutants, which was confirmed by fluorescence cross spectroscopy (FCS) analysis. Hence, these results demonstrate that sterol composition plays a critical role in the plant defense responses of Flot1.

scholarly journals Necrotrophic Exploitation and Subversion of Plant Defense: A Lifestyle or Just a Phase, and Implications in Breeding Resistance

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 332-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Lorang
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Plant Defense ◽  
Current Literature ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Plant Defense Responses ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Biological Outcomes ◽  
Review Current ◽  
Durable Disease Resistance

Breeding disease-resistant plants is a critical, environmentally friendly component of any strategy to sustainably feed and clothe the 9.8 billion people expected to live on Earth by 2050. Here, I review current literature detailing plant defense responses as they relate to diverse biological outcomes; disease resistance, susceptibility, and establishment of mutualistic plant–microbial relationships. Of particular interest is the degree to which these outcomes are a function of plant-associated microorganisms’ lifestyles; biotrophic, hemibiotrophic, necrotrophic, or mutualistic. For the sake of brevity, necrotrophic pathogens and the necrotrophic phase of pathogenicity are emphasized in this review, with special attention given to the host-specific pathogens that exploit defense. Defense responses related to generalist necrotrophs and mutualists are discussed in the context of excellent reviews by others. In addition, host evolutionary trade-offs of disease resistance with other desirable traits are considered in the context of breeding for durable disease resistance.

scholarly journals Nonpathogenic Strains of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum Trigger Progressive Bean Defense Responses during Appressorium-Mediated Penetration

2005 ◽  
Vol 71 (8) ◽  
pp. 4761-4770 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Veneault-Fourrey ◽  
Richard Laugé ◽  
Thierry Langin
Keyword(s):  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Colletotrichum Lindemuthianum ◽  
Maturation Stage ◽  
Plant Defense Responses ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Ion Production ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Differentiation Stage ◽  
Related Proteins

ABSTRACT The fungal bean pathogen Colletotrichum lindemuthianum differentiates appressoria in order to penetrate bean tissues. We showed that appressorium development in C. lindemuthianum can be divided into three stages, and we obtained three nonpathogenic strains, including one strain blocked at each developmental stage. H18 was blocked at the appressorium differentiation stage; i.e., no genuine appressoria were formed. H191 was blocked at the appressorium maturation stage; i.e., appressoria exhibited a pigmentation defect and developed only partial internal turgor pressure. H290 was impaired in appressorium function; i.e., appressoria failed to penetrate into bean tissues. Furthermore, these strains could be further discriminated according to the bean defense responses that they induced. Surprisingly, appressorium maturation, but not appressorium function, was sufficient to induce most plant defense responses tested (superoxide ion production and strong induction of pathogenesis-related proteins). However, appressorium function (i.e., entry into the first host cell) was necessary for avirulence-mediated recognition of the fungus.

scholarly journals Sucrose-Mediated Priming of Plant Defense Responses and Broad-Spectrum Disease Resistance by Overexpression of the Maize Pathogenesis-Related PRms Protein in Rice Plants

2007 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 832-842 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Gómez-Ariza ◽  
Sonia Campo ◽  
Mar Rufat ◽  
Montserrat Estopà ◽  
Joaquima Messeguer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Plant Defense ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Defense Genes ◽  
Pr Genes ◽  
Rice Plants ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Mediated Priming

Expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes is part of the plant's natural defense response against pathogen attack. The PRms gene encodes a fungal-inducible PR protein from maize. Here, we demonstrate that expression of PRms in transgenic rice confers broad-spectrum protection against pathogens, including fungal (Magnaporthe oryzae, Fusarium verticillioides, and Helminthosporium oryzae) and bacterial (Erwinia chrysanthemi) pathogens. The PRms-mediated disease resistance in rice plants is associated with an enhanced capacity to express and activate the natural plant defense mechanisms. Thus, PRms rice plants display a basal level of expression of endogenous defense genes in the absence of the pathogen. PRms plants also exhibit stronger and quicker defense responses during pathogen infection. We also have found that sucrose accumulates at higher levels in leaves of PRms plants. Sucrose responsiveness of rice defense genes correlates with the pathogen-responsive priming of their expression in PRms rice plants. Moreover, pretreatment of rice plants with sucrose enhances resistance to M. oryzae infection. Together, these results support a sucrose-mediated priming of defense responses in PRms rice plants which results in broad-spectrum disease resistance.

scholarly journals Exploiting Epigenetic Variations for Crop Disease Resistance Improvement

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengfei Zhi ◽  
Cheng Chang
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Plant Defense ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanism ◽  
Plant Defense Responses ◽  
Post Translational Modifications ◽  
Crop Disease ◽  
Resistance Improvement ◽  
Epigenetic Processes

Pathogen infections seriously threaten plant health and global crop production. Epigenetic processes such as DNA methylation, histone post-translational modifications, chromatin assembly and remodeling play important roles in transcriptional regulation of plant defense responses and could provide a new direction to drive breeding strategies for crop disease resistance improvement. Although past decades have seen unprecedented proceedings in understanding the epigenetic mechanism of plant defense response, most of these advances were derived from studies in model plants like Arabidopsis. In this review, we highlighted the recent epigenetic studies on crop-pathogen interactions and discussed the potentials, challenges, and strategies in exploiting epigenetic variations for crop disease resistance improvement.

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