scholarly journals Climatic niche shift of an invasive shrub (Ulex europaeus): a global scale comparison in native and introduced regions

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias Christina ◽  
Fawziah Limbada ◽  
Anne Atlan
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
South America ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Niche Shift ◽  
Climatic Niche ◽  
North West ◽  
Invasive Shrub ◽  
Ulex Europaeus ◽  
The World ◽  
America South

Abstract Aims Invasive species, which recently expanded, may help understand how climatic niche can shift at the time scale of the current global change. Here, we address the climatic niche shift of an invasive shrub (common gorse, Ulex europaeus) at the world and regional scales to assess how it could contribute to increasing invasibility. Methods Based on a 28 187 occurrences database, we used a combination of 9 species distribution models (SDM) to assess regional climatic niche from both the native range (Western Europe) and the introduced range in different parts of the world (North-West America, South America, North Europe, Australia and New Zealand). Important Findings Despite being restricted to annual mean temperature between 4°C and 22°C, as well as annual precipitation higher than 300 mm/year, the range of bioclimatic conditions suitable for gorse was very large. Based on a native versus introduced SDM comparison, we highlighted a niche expansion in North-West America, South America and to a lesser degree in Australia, while a niche displacement was assessed in North Europe. These niche changes induced an increase in potential occupied areas by gorse by 49, 111, 202 and 283% in Australia, North Europe, North-West America and South America, respectively. On the contrary, we found no evidence of niche change in New Zealand, which presents similar climatic condition to the native environment (Western Europe). This study highlights how niche expansion and displacement of gorse might increase invasibility at regional scale. The change in gorse niche toward new climatic conditions may result from adaptive plasticity or genetic evolution and may explain why it has such a high level of invasibility. Taking into account the possibility of a niche shift is crucial to improve invasive plants management and control.

Atriplex retusa, the correct name for A. deserticola (Chenopodiaceae; Amaranthaceae sensu APG)

Phytotaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 373 (1) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
TIM BÖHNERT ◽  
FEDERICO LUEBERT ◽  
MAXIMILIAN WEIGEND
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Saline Soils ◽  
Centre Of Diversity ◽  
The World ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
America South

The genus Atriplex Linnaeus (1753: 1052) (Chenopodiaceae Vent.; placed in Amaranthaceae Juss. s. l. in APG IV 2016) comprises about 300 species distributed mainly in subtropical, temperate, and subarctic regions of the world and is mostly adapted to dry conditions on often saline soils (Sukhorukov & Danin 2009, Kadereit et al. 2010, Iamonico 2013, APG IV 2016). The genus is highly diverse in Eurasia, Australia and North America. South America is another centre of diversity with ca. 55 species, 45 of which are considered as native (Brignone et al. 2016). A recent and exhaustive taxonomical synopsis of Atriplex for South America was published by Brignone et al. (2016), but there are also regional taxonomic revisions, e.g., for Chile by Rosas (1989), or Argentina by Múlgura de Romero (1981, 1982 & 1984).

scholarly journals Brucellosis and tuberculosis in cattle in South America

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. e141139
Author(s):  
José Soares Ferreira Neto
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
South America ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Review Article ◽  
South American ◽  
Cattle Population ◽  
High Quality ◽  
The World ◽  
Meat Market ◽  
Epidemiological Situation

In general, European and North American countries, as well as Australia and New Zealand, have already eradicated or reached good levels of control of brucellosis and tuberculosis in cattle. In the rest of the world, however, the epidemiological situation of these two diseases is frequently poorly understood. In this review article, quantified data on these diseases in the South American countries are presented. Initially, the aspects that led the continent to host 25% of the world cattle population are presented, in addition to the aspects that placed the continent at a prominent position in the international meat market. Subsequently the continent was divided into three country groups, considering the size of the cattle population and how well the epidemiological situation of brucellosis and tuberculosis in cattle is quantified. It is argued that countries that do not generate high-quality quantitative epidemiological data on these diseases have serious limitations in outlining and managing control or eradication strategies. Thus, for successful outcomes, at least methodologies to estimate the prevalence of infected herds should be employed.

scholarly journals Satellite television transmission in the world - broadcasting systems and standards

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. e44957
Author(s):  
Branimir Jaksic ◽  
Dragisa Miljkovic ◽  
Vladimir Maksimovic ◽  
Mile Petrovic ◽  
Branko Gvozdic
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Frequency Band ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Tabular Form ◽  
Satellite Television ◽  
The World ◽  
America South ◽  
Pay Tv

This paper considers the characteristics of satellite television transmission in the world. An overview of the development of satellite television is given through the following characteristics: broadcasting systems - analog and digital (SDTV, HDTV, UHDTV), frequency band (C, Ku, Ka), broadcasting standards (DVB-S, DVB-S2, DigiCipher, DSS), as well as the availability of TV services Free-To-Air TV (FTA) and PAY TV. All of these characteristics were considered both at the global and at the regional level: North America, South America, Europe, Africa, Russia, Asia, and Australia. The gathered data are presented in tabular form and presented graphically for the period from 1996 to 2018. Based on the presented results, an analysis of the development of satellite television transmission was carried out in accordance with the characteristics of the broadcast.

“Stay and Starve, Or Go and Prosper!” Juvenile Emigration from Great Britain in the Nineteenth Century

1985 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-166
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Jordan
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
South America ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Equable Climate ◽  
Strategic Location ◽  
The World ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South

The nineteenth century saw the beginning of large-scale migration of population from western Europe to various countries of the world. North and South America had proven hospitable in previous centuries and the southern tip of Africa presented an equable climate as well as strategic location. The islands of the southern seas reached by Cook and Van Diemen proved equally attractive if more remote. In retrospect it seems inevitable that, with the exception of South America, they were bound to be English-speaking. Even South America had its British farming colonists at one stage. In 1826 just under two hundred Highland Scots embarked for Topo in the highlands of Colombia (United Kingdom, 1827). Significantly, one hundred and two of them were under fourteen years of age.

scholarly journals Molecular Ecology and Systematics of Blue  Mussels (Genus Mytilus) (Mytilidae; Bivalvia;  Mollusca) in the Southern Hemisphere

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Kristen Marie Westfall
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
South America ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Molecular Ecology ◽  
Population Subdivision ◽  
Kerguelen Islands ◽  
Blue Mussels ◽  
The World

<p>The Mytilus edulis species complex, comprised of M. edulis, M. galloprovincialis and M. trossulus, is antitropically distributed in temperate coastal regions of all oceans and main seas of the world. This genus has been heavily studied in the Northern hemisphere but Southern hemisphere populations have received much less attention. This thesis aims to place Southern hemisphere blue mussels into global evolutionary relationships among Mytilus species and investigate aspects of their molecular ecology, including, effects of non-native Northern hemisphere species introductions, biogeography across the Southern hemisphere, regional phylogeographic patterns and population genetics within New Zealand. Southern hemisphere blue mussel phylogenetic reconstruction resulted in the detection of a monophyletic M. galloprovincialis lineage. Two new molecular markers developed with specificity for this lineage and congruence among phylogenetic investigations indicates a panhemispheric distribution of this M. galloprovincialis lineage with implications for naming a new sibling species of the M. edulis complex. This proposed new species, M. meridianus, is distributed in South America, the Kerguelen Islands, New Zealand and Australia at latitudes between ~ 30°S and ~ 55°S. Non-native M. galloprovincialis introduced from the Northern hemisphere have been present in NZ, Australia and Chile for at least ten years and hybridise with native blue mussels. Introgression is observed in New Zealand and Australian but not Chilean hybrid regions. The limited number of introduced mussels in Australia induces hybrid swamping of non-native alleles but an interlineage gender bias towards non-native maternal parents may result in eventual loss of the unique genomic content of native blue mussels in NZ. Southern hemisphere blue mussels form a monophyletic sister clade to a haplogroup shared by Northern hemisphere M. edulis and M. galloprovincialis. Although single gene histories are not congruent with respect to evolutionary relationships within the Northern hemisphere due to introgressive hybridisation after speciation, it is clear that Southern hemisphere blue mussels arose from a species native to the northeast Atlantic Ocean after speciation of the three ‘M. edulis complex’ members. Within the Southern hemisphere monophyletic clade lies three reciprocally monophyletic clades restricted to the geographic regions South America/Kerguelen Islands, New Zealand and Australia. Phylogeographic analysis indicates past gene flow between South American/Kerguelen Islands and New Zealand populations that has ceased at present day and ongoing gene flow between South America and the Kerguelen Islands likely via the West Wind Drift. Within NZ, population subdivision inferred from mtDNA indicates genetic variation is distributed within an east-west phylogeographic split on the North Island. These populations experienced gene flow in the past that has ceased at present day. Microsatellite allele frequencies indicate a different population subdivision within the northwest North Island that has been narrowed down to a 15 km stretch of coastline in a sheltered bay. The abrupt discontinuity within a small geographic area does not conform to classic population subdivision in this broad-cast spawning species, therefore, further investigation into the genomic content of northwest North Island mussels with respect to introgressed non-native genes is warranted. Resolving complex phylogenetic patterns from interspecific introgression is key to understanding the evolutionary history of Southern hemisphere M. galloprovincialis. Further characterisation of hybrid introgression would increase accuracy of (1) inferences of processes contributing to hybridisation dynamics and (2) population subdivision in NZ. Probing the basis for variation of hybridisation dynamics would help to predict the outcomes of Northern hemisphere M. galloprovincialis introductions in other areas of the world.</p>

scholarly journals Studies on the Systematics and Anatomy of New Zealand Earthworms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Kenneth Ernest Lee
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
South America ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Family ◽  
America South ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Original Area

<p>The study of New Zealand earthworms has been extensive, but has been confined principally to the systematics of the group. Only one family of the Oligochaeta, the Megascolecidae, is represented in the endemic fauna, but within this family, over eighty species, belonging to seventeen genera, have been recorded and described. Apart from the Megascolecidae, certain species, lumbricids, worldwide in their distribution, are present and are regarded as having been introduced through the agency of man. The family Megascolecidae is confined almost entirely to the Southern hemisphere, and the southern regions of the Northern hemisphere, and within these regions, the greatest number of species occur in New Zealand, South America, South Africa, and Australia. When the distribution of the Megascolecidae became known, in the late nineteenth century, its sporadic nature evoked a great deal of interest among zoo-geographers, since earthworms, being terrestrial, and unable to tolerate immersion in salt water, form an ideal basis for the consideration of dispersal problems among terrestrial animals as a whole. The interest thus aroused in the Megascolecidae led to much work on the group in New Zealand. Michaelsen (1913 (b)) accounts for the predominance of the Megascolecidae in the southern continental areas by postulating that originally the family had a wide distribution in the nothern and southern continents, and that other families (e.g. the Glossoscolecidae), evolved more recently in the northern continents, have gradually superseded the Megascolecidae in all but the most remote regions of their original area of distribution. Matthew (1915) came to a similar conclusion in regard to the origin of present southern faunas in the course of his work on the distribution and evolution of the Mammalia. Evidence in favour of Michaelsen's conclusions can also be derived from the distribution of slugs, spiders, Collembola, Coleoptera, littoral Echinoderms, Polychaeta and Brachiopoda in the southern land masses.</p>

scholarly journals Role of academic institutions during the COVID-19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dinesh Neupane ◽  
Juna Rai ◽  
Sarita Chaulagain ◽  
Nisha Jha ◽  
Anishka Sah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Information Source ◽  
Academic Institutions ◽  
The World ◽  
America South ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Developed World

A novel coronavirus first reported from China has resulted in a formidable outbreak globally threatening millions of human lives with unprecedented challenges. Society needs effective information source to combat this pandemic. Academic institutions would play an important role in disseminating science-based information and planning pandemic crisis. This study aims to examine how academic institutions around the world have been working in combating COVID-19 pandemic. Two hundred and thirty three high ranking universities representing 44 countries from six continents, viz. Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, South America, and Oceania were selected and their websites visited. Any information on COVID-19 updated in the websites were noted and classified. Universities from developed world (North America, Europe) and Oceania were found to be actively disseminating up-to-date information on COVID-19 with compared to those from developing world. All universities in Oceania, 96.66% universities in North America, 96.55% in Europe, 83% in South America, 61.25% in Asia, and 56% in Africa had information regarding COVID-19 in their websites. The high income coutries were facing high casulaties of the disease, and majority of their universities (85.71%) were disseminating up-to-date information through their websites. There exists a gap between the universities of developed and developing world in disseminating COVID-19 pandemic information.

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
pp. 149-160
Author(s):  
Luis F. Jiménez
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Central America ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
The World ◽  
America South

The conclusion summarizes the findings of the book. It uses a comparative approach to underline more explicitly how each case has contributed to our understanding. It then moves on to consider what the findings might tell us about other regions of the world. It specifically considers Central America, parts of South America, south Asia, and Africa.

Ireland and New Zealand: a legacy and an assault from within

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Worthy
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
South America ◽  
Controversial Issue ◽  
Court Cases ◽  
Consensus Model ◽  
The Core ◽  
The World

This chapter looks at two countries that offer deviant cases-one where the legislation was passed through a consensual process and one where it was ‘imposed’ upon a new government by its predecessor. • The Consensus Model in New Zealand: agreement between senior politicians and officials led to a consensual process around developing policy, driven by those who, elsewhere, frequently formed the core resistance to the process (White 2007; Snell 2001). This led to a step-by-step, conciliatory process and a dynamic and flexible law, frequently judged one of the strongest in the world (White 2007; Aitken 1998). • The Imposed Model in Ireland: a series of controversial court cases and a scandal over infected beef in 1990s placed FOI on the agenda of two successive reformist governments. In 1997 legislation was passed as a ‘legacy’ policy in the dying days of a government which was then replaced with a successor deeply sceptical of FOI (Kearney and Stapleton 1998). The process meant FOI became a contentious and controversial issue from its inception (Felle and Adshead 2008). This represents another reason for FOI being passed, seen also in South America, whereby legislation is fostered upon a government as a legacy issue (Michener 2010).

scholarly journals Studies on the Systematics and Anatomy of New Zealand Earthworms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Kenneth Ernest Lee
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
South America ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Family ◽  
America South ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Original Area

<p>The study of New Zealand earthworms has been extensive, but has been confined principally to the systematics of the group. Only one family of the Oligochaeta, the Megascolecidae, is represented in the endemic fauna, but within this family, over eighty species, belonging to seventeen genera, have been recorded and described. Apart from the Megascolecidae, certain species, lumbricids, worldwide in their distribution, are present and are regarded as having been introduced through the agency of man. The family Megascolecidae is confined almost entirely to the Southern hemisphere, and the southern regions of the Northern hemisphere, and within these regions, the greatest number of species occur in New Zealand, South America, South Africa, and Australia. When the distribution of the Megascolecidae became known, in the late nineteenth century, its sporadic nature evoked a great deal of interest among zoo-geographers, since earthworms, being terrestrial, and unable to tolerate immersion in salt water, form an ideal basis for the consideration of dispersal problems among terrestrial animals as a whole. The interest thus aroused in the Megascolecidae led to much work on the group in New Zealand. Michaelsen (1913 (b)) accounts for the predominance of the Megascolecidae in the southern continental areas by postulating that originally the family had a wide distribution in the nothern and southern continents, and that other families (e.g. the Glossoscolecidae), evolved more recently in the northern continents, have gradually superseded the Megascolecidae in all but the most remote regions of their original area of distribution. Matthew (1915) came to a similar conclusion in regard to the origin of present southern faunas in the course of his work on the distribution and evolution of the Mammalia. Evidence in favour of Michaelsen's conclusions can also be derived from the distribution of slugs, spiders, Collembola, Coleoptera, littoral Echinoderms, Polychaeta and Brachiopoda in the southern land masses.</p>

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document