The Reinforcement Value of a Music Instrument for Beginning Instrumentalists and the Influence of Discovery Versus Teacher Approval on Achievement

1977 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. G. Dorow ◽  
R. D. Greer
Keyword(s):  
Beginning Instrumentalists ◽  
Reinforcement Value

scholarly journals Sex Differences in the Reward-Enhancing Effects of Nicotine on Ethanol Reinforcement: A Reinforcer Demand Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott T Barrett ◽  
Brady M Thompson ◽  
Jessica R Emory ◽  
Chris E Larsen ◽  
Steven T Pittenger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Abuse ◽  
Ethanol Solution ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Demand Model ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
Ethanol Reinforcement ◽  
Nicotine Abuse ◽  
Reinforcer Demand ◽  
Reinforcement Value

Abstract Background Alcohol is often consumed with tobacco, and dependence to alcohol and tobacco are highly comorbid. In addition, there are differences in the prevalence of nicotine- and alcohol-abuse between the sexes. Nicotine produces enhancing effects on the value of other reinforcers, which may extend to alcohol. Methods Male and female Wistar rats were trained to self-administer 15% ethanol solution in 30-minute sessions. Once ethanol self-administration was established, demand for ethanol was evaluated using an exponential reinforcer demand method, in which the response cost per reinforcer delivery was systematically increased over blocks of several sessions. Within each cost condition, rats were preinjected with nicotine (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, or 0.4 mg/kg base, SC) or saline 5 minutes before self-administration sessions. The effects of nicotine dose and biological sex were evaluated using the estimates generated by the reinforcer demand model. Results Under saline conditions, males showed greater sensitivity to ethanol reinforcement than females. Nicotine enhanced the reinforcement value of alcohol and this varied with sex. In both sexes, 0.4 mg/kg nicotine decreased intensity of ethanol demand. However, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mg/kg nicotine decreased elasticity of ethanol demand in females, but not in males. Conclusions Nicotine enhances ethanol reinforcement, which may partially drive comorbidity between nicotine-abuse and alcohol-abuse. Males showed signs of greater ethanol reinforcement value than females under saline conditions, and nicotine attenuated this effect by increasing ethanol reinforcement value in the females. These findings highlight that a complete understanding of alcohol-abuse must include a thorough study of alcohol use in the context of other drug use, including nicotine. Implications Nicotine dose dependently enhances the alcohol reinforcement value in a manner that is clearly influenced by biological sex. Under saline baseline conditions, males show lower elasticity of demand for alcohol reinforcement than females, indicative of greater reinforcement value. However, nicotine attenuated this difference by enhancing alcohol reward in the females. Specifically, low-to-moderate doses (0.05–0.2 mg/kg) of nicotine decreased elasticity of alcohol demand in female rats, increasing the perseverance of their alcohol taking behavior. These data indicate that the well-documented reward-enhancing effects of nicotine on sensory reinforcement extend to alcohol reinforcement and that these vary with biological sex.

Self-Verification and Drug Abusers: Implications for Treatment

1997 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marsha M. Linehan
Keyword(s):  
The Self ◽  
Drug Abusers ◽  
Reinforcement Value ◽  
Giving Feedback

The work of Swann and his colleagues suggests that a desire for self-verification is a ubiquitous human motive, as important as the desire for positive evaluations When the self-view is negative, the reinforcement value of self-verification can lead individuals to maintain lifestyles and seek out other individuals who will maintain the negative self-view Trying to change negative self-views by simple verbal invalidation is not often successful The reinforcing qualities of self-verification for most individuals and the apparently aversive qualities of invalidating an individual s self-views have potentially important implications for treatment of drug abusers This commentary briefly reviews self-verification research and discusses implications of findings for psychotherapy, particularly as they relate to strengthening clinical progress and attachment to therapy and to giving feedback to clients

scholarly journals Psychopathy: cognitive and neural dysfunction

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-190 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Antisocial Behavior ◽  
Antisocial Personality Disorder ◽  
Developmental Disorder ◽  
Posterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Emotional Deficits ◽  
Reinforcement Value ◽  
Neural Dysfunction

Psychopathy is a developmental disorder marked by emotional deficits and an increased risk for antisocial behavior. It is not equivalent to the diagnosis Antisocial Personality Disorder, which concentrates only on the increased risk for antisocial behavior and not a specific cause-ie, the reduced empathy and guilt that constitutes the emotional deficit. The current review considers data from adults with psychopathy with respect to the main cognitive accounts of the disorder that stress either a primary attention deficit or a primary emotion deficit. In addition, the current review considers data regarding the neurobiology of this disorder. Dysfunction within the amygdala's role in reinforcement learning and the role of ventromedial frontal cortex in the representation of reinforcement value is stressed. Data is also presented indicating potential difficulties within parts of temporal and posterior cingulate cortex. Suggestions are made with respect to why these deficits lead to the development of the disorder.

Different Forms of Childhood Maltreatment Have Different Impacts on the Neural Systems Involved in the Representation of Reinforcement Value

2020 ◽  
Vol 87 (9) ◽  
pp. S160
Author(s):  
Karina Blair ◽  
Jennie Lukoff ◽  
Johannah Bashford-Largo ◽  
Ru Zhang ◽  
Joseph Aloi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Maltreatment ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Reinforcement Value

Preservice and Experienced Teachers' Lesson Plans for Beginning Instrumentalists

2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth V. Brittin
Keyword(s):  
Lesson Plan ◽  
Lesson Plans ◽  
Level Of Detail ◽  
Experienced Teachers ◽  
Word Count ◽  
Beginning Band ◽  
Method Book ◽  
Beginning Instrumentalists ◽  
Institutional Differences ◽  
Band Method

Preservice and experienced teachers ( N=58, from 7 universities) wrote lesson plans for a hypothetical beginning band lesson, using one page from a band method book as source material. Lesson plans were analyzed for word count, level of detail, and for strategies that appeared most frequently. Experienced teachers used fewer words than undergraduates but revealed the same number of strategies and level of detail, on average. There were institutional differences in the variety of strategies incorporated, indicating certain institutions may value a wider range of strategies and activities in beginning band classes. Participants also compared their written plans to a published lesson plan and rated their familiarity with various approaches, giving another view on strategies considered most common. Familiarity ratings were similar when comparing preservice and experienced teachers and when comparing institutions. Degrees of prevalence of specific strategies, such as decontextualization of material, repetition, and modeling are discussed. May 7, 2004 January 18, 2005.

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