Immigrant diversity, integration and worker productivity: uncovering the mechanisms behind ‘diversity spillover’ effects

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maximilian Buchholz
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Worker Productivity ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Urban Level ◽  
Level I ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract A growing body of research is demonstrating a robust positive relationship between the diversity of a city’s foreign-born population in the USA and worker productivity. Other research has focused on diversity within firms, similarly finding positive effects in many cases. Although it appears that diverse teams within firms are better at problem-solving and are more creative, the exact mechanism(s) that drive the relationship between diversity and productivity at the scale of city-regions are less apparent and underexplored in extant research. Drawing on research from several fields, I describe four mechanisms that might drive the relationship between immigrant diversity and productivity at the urban level. I explore each mechanism with a pseudo panel of workers and fixed effects OLS regressions across U.S. Metropolitan Statistical Areas between 2011 and 2017. The results most strongly support that at the urban level, diversity enhances productivity through what I call ‘exposure effects’ and ‘interactive problem-solving’, wherein workers become more productive and more creative through exposure to new cultures and ways of thinking and through joint problem-solving. These results suggest that positive externalities arise when coupling rising immigrant diversity with the social integration of people from diverse backgrounds.

Problem solving therapies for depression: A meta-analysis

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pim Cuijpers ◽  
Annemieke van Straten ◽  
Lisanne Warmerdam
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Problem Solving Therapy ◽  
Intention To Treat ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Randomized Controlled Studies ◽  
Subgroup Analyses

AbstractPurposeIn the past decades, the effects of problem-solving therapy (PST) for depression have been examined in several randomized controlled studies. However, until now no meta-analysis has tried to integrate the results of these studies.MethodsWe conducted a systematic literature search and identified 13 randomized studies examining the effects of PST, with a total of 1133 subjects. The quality of studies varied.ResultsThe mean standardized effect size was 0.34 in the fixed effects model and 0.83 in the random effects model, with very high heterogeneity. Subgroup analyses indicated significantly lower effects for individual interventions in studies with subjects who met criteria for major depression, studies in which intention-to-treat analyses were conducted instead of completers-only analyses, and studies with pill placebo and care-as-usual control groups. Heterogeneity was high, and the subgroup analyses did not result in clear indications of what caused this high heterogeneity. This indicates that PST has varying effects on depression, and that it is not known to date what determines whether PST has larger of smaller effects.ConclusionAlthough there is no doubt that PST can be an effective treatment for depression, more research is needed to ascertain the conditions and subjects in which these positive effects are realized.

Relationships between Level I and Level II Abilities and Problem Solving

1982 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 871-876
Author(s):  
Marvin L. Schroth
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Identification Task ◽  
Level Ii ◽  
Mental Abilities ◽  
Type C ◽  
Level I ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Progressive Matrix

Investigated the relationship between Jensen's Level I-Level II mental abilities and how they correlate with problem solving. The Davis distinction between Type “O” and Type “C” tasks served as the model of problem solving. 110 college students served as subjects. The WAIS Digit Span subtest and Raven's Progressive Matrix Test were used to assess Level I and Level II abilities, respectively. A concept-identification task was selected to measure Type “O” problem solving and the WAIS Arithmetic subtest was chosen as the Type “C” problem. The Pearson correlation between Level I and Level II abilities of .07 was nonsignificant whereas all correlations between intelligence and problem-solving tasks proved to be significant. However, Level II correlated significantly higher with success at Type “O” problem solving than did Level I; no differences were found between Level I and Level II abilities and Type “C” problem solving. The results do not support Jensen's “twisted pear” hypothesis concerning the relationship between Level I-Level II abilities. Hypotheses concerning level of intelligence and problem solving were partially confirmed.

Total-factor air environmental efficiency and its influencing factors in the areas along the Belt and Road in China: A spatial spillover perspective

2021 ◽  
pp. 0958305X2110151
Author(s):  
Ni-Ni Yin ◽  
Ke-Liang Wang ◽  
Zhen Yao ◽  
Li-Li Ding ◽  
Zhuang Miao
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Environmental Efficiency ◽  
Spatial Spillover ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Spatial Spillover Effects ◽  
The Belt And Road

In order to promote sustainable economic development in the areas along the Belt and Road in China, it is of great necessity to reduce the negative impact of air pollutants resulting from industrialization and urbanization on the complex and fragile ecological environments of neighboring areas. First, this study estimated the total-factor air environmental efficiency (TFAEE) of 17 provinces along the Belt and Road in China from 2010 to 2017 using a slacks-based measure (SBM) model. Second, the global and local Moran indices were used to test the spatial correlations between TFAEEs. Finally, the spatial factors and spatial spillover effects influencing the TFAEEs were investigated using the spatial Durbin model with spatiotemporal double fixed effects. The results were shown as follows: (1) The total-factor TFAEEs of the areas along the Belt and Road were low and showed significant regional spatial differences during 2010–2017. (2) There was a positive spatial autocorrelation between the TFAEEs of the areas along the Belt and Road, and the spatial distribution generally clustered into High-High and Low-Low concentrations. (3) Economic development and technological innovation played significantly positive effects on TFAEEs of the areas in the Belt and Road, while energy consumption structure had negative effect on it. In addition, although industrial structure and environmental regulation were negatively correlated with TFAEEs, the coefficients were not significant. (4) The positive spatial spillover effect of the TFAEEs of the areas along the Belt and Road was mainly the result of significant environmental regulations and insignificant economic development factors, while the technological innovations, energy consumption structures and industrial structures showed insignificant negative spatial spillover effects.

scholarly journals The Impact of FDI on Urban PM2.5 Pollution in China: The Mediating Effect of Industrial Structure Transformation

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (17) ◽  
pp. 9107
Author(s):  
Taowu Pei ◽  
Lei Gao ◽  
Chao Yang ◽  
Chang Xu ◽  
Yu Tian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Industrial Structure ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Structure Transformation ◽  
Chinese Cities ◽  
International Environment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

With the rapid growth of foreign direct investment (FDI), PM2.5 pollution in Chinese cities is increasing. Based on panel data for 271 Chinese cities from 2003 to 2016, this paper uses the dynamic spatial fixed-effects Durbin model to analyze the correlation between FDI and PM2.5 pollution and the effect of FDI on urban PM2.5 concentrations, as mediated by industrial structure transformation, which is clarified using Stata/SE 16.0. The results showed that PM2.5 pollution in China has significant spatial spillover effects, and the pollution haven hypothesis is applicable to Chinese cities. The industrial structure partially mediates the relationship between FDI and PM2.5. This paper proposes that local governments should promote the market-oriented reform of FDI to create a more convenient, legalized, and international environment for FDI and innovate the governance philosophy of only reducing the existing emissions. A top-level design and sound market supervision system of PM2.5 control are also needed.

scholarly journals Does trade participation limit domestic firms’ productivity gains from inward foreign direct investment?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
René Belderbos ◽  
Vincent Van Roy ◽  
Leo Sleuwaegen
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Multinational Firms ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Domestic Firms ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Fdi Spillovers ◽  
Backward Linkages ◽  
Productivity Gains ◽  
Local Firms

Abstract We examine to what extent domestic firms reap differential productivity gains from the presence of manufacturing affiliates of multinational firms in the home country (FDI spillovers), in the context of simultaneous participation in international trade through exporting and importing. FDI spillovers can occur within the industry (horizontal) and across industries due to client (forward) or supplier (backward) linkages of multinational firms, but the mechanisms underlying spillover effects may be attenuated if local firms are less reliant on inputs, clients, and competition in the domestic market. Fixed effects panel analyses on a sample of 4594 domestic Belgian firms during 2000–2007 reveal positive effects from horizontal, backward, and forward FDI spillovers on the productivity levels of domestic firms, as long as these firms do not engage in international trade. Horizontal spillovers from FDI are weaker for firms engaging in trade, while forward FDI spillovers do not benefit importing firms. Two-way traders benefit least from FDI spillovers. Forward and backward spillovers, are enhanced by human capital levels in local firms, while horizontal spillovers are reduced. The findings are broadly consistent with the notion that trade engagement and inward FDI can be substitutes in their effects on domestic firms’ productivity.

Capitalizing on the spirit of giving: seeding virtual gift purchases in online social networks

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Reo Song ◽  
Risto Moisio ◽  
Moon Young Kang
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Gift Giving ◽  
Network Service ◽  
Social Network Service ◽  
Content Type ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Positive Effects

Purpose Virtual gifts have emerged as a common feature of online communities, social gaming and social networks. This paper aims to examine how network-related variables and gift-seeding impact virtual gift sales. The network variables include gift-giver centrality and gift-giving dispersion, capturing, respectively, the relative importance of gift-givers in a network and their tendency to give gifts to a greater or lesser number of network peers. Gift-seeding tactics capture social network firms’ attempts to stimulate virtual gift purchases by awarding virtual gifts to network members. Design/methodology/approach This study develops and estimates a fixed-effects panel data regression model to analyze virtual gift purchase data for a large social network service. Findings Gift-giver centrality, gift-giving dispersion and gift-seeding increase virtual gift purchases. Increases in consumers’ receipt of seed gifts from social network firms (“direct seeding”) and from other consumers (“indirect seeding”) increases virtual gift purchases. However, the extent to which consumers give seed gifts to their friends in the social network (“seed mediation”) does not affect sales. Greater gift-giver centrality amplifies (attenuates) the positive effects of direct (indirect) seeding. At greater levels of gift-giving dispersion, the effects of indirect seeding and seed mediation become negative. Furthermore, gift-seeding has spillover effects on virtual good (non-gift) purchases. Research limitations/implications This study’s data, drawn from a South Korean social network service, offer unique and valuable social network information on actual virtual gift purchases and their seeding. Future research should replicate the results of the study outside the South Korean context. Practical implications Given the effects reported in this study, social network firms can facilitate the purchases of virtual gifts by improving the targeting of consumers in social networks and gift-seeding tactics. Originality/value This study uniquely examines the individual and interactive effects of network-related variables and gift-seeding on virtual gift sales. The study is seminal in its examination of how gift-seeding can be used as a marketing tactic to increase virtual gift purchases.

Go home and kick the dog

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 554-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tae Won Moon ◽  
Won-Moo Hur
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Exhaustion ◽  
Organizational Support ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Work Behavior ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Frontline Employees ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Relationship

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the spillover effects of coworker incivility on customer-directed counterproductive work behavior (CWB) and how emotional exhaustion mediates the relationship between them. The authors predicted that job calling and perceived organizational support (POS) would moderate the relationship between experienced coworker incivility and service employees’ emotional exhaustion, respectively.Design/methodology/approachSurvey data from 252 frontline employees working at six full-service luxury hotels in South Korea were examined.FindingsThe results indicated that experienced coworker incivility was positively related to customer-directed CWB. In addition, the relationship between experienced coworker incivility and customer-directed CWB was mediated by emotional exhaustion. Finally, employees’ job calling attenuated the positive effects of experienced coworker incivility on customer-directed CWB. The theoretical and practical implications of this study are discussed, together with its limitations and future research directions.Originality/valueThe main contribution of the study is to provide an empirical framework for how instances of coworker incivility spillover, which lead to the target employee’s customer-directed CWB through emotional exhaustion, and how personal (e.g. job calling) may buffer against negative effects.

Immigration causes American businesses to fail and that is a good thing

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
Ryan H Murphy ◽  
Rick Weber
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Failure Rate ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Explanatory Variable ◽  
Business Failure ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Standard Deviation Increase ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between immigration rates and business failure, where business failure is viewed as a proxy for the presence of entrepreneurship. Design/methodology/approach – It employs a panel data approach to the USA, using the percentage of the population that is foreign born as the explanatory variable for the business failure rate ten years later. Findings – The authors find the effect to be large, with a one standard deviation increase in the foreign born population corresponding to a 1.09 standard deviation increase in business failure rate, and the authors argue, entrepreneurship. Originality/value – The effect the authors find is very large though perhaps also counterintuitive.

Of Frames and Cultures - A Cross-Cultural Comparison of TV Newscasts

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 160-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Senokozlieva ◽  
Oliver Fischer ◽  
Gary Bente ◽  
Nicole Krämer
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Comparison ◽  
Explorative Study ◽  
Cross Cultural Comparison ◽  
Tv News ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. TV news are essentially cultural phenomena. Previous research suggests that the often-overlooked formal and implicit characteristics of newscasts may be systematically related to culture-specific characteristics. Investigating these characteristics by means of a frame-by-frame content analysis is identified as a particularly promising methodological approach. To examine the relationship between culture and selected formal characteristics of newscasts, we present an explorative study that compares material from the USA, the Arab world, and Germany. Results indicate that there are many significant differences, some of which are in line with expectations derived from cultural specifics. Specifically, we argue that the number of persons presented as well as the context in which they are presented can be interpreted as indicators of Individualism/Collectivism. The conclusions underline the validity of the chosen methodological approach, but also demonstrate the need for more comprehensive and theory-driven category schemes.

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