scholarly journals The urban–rural education gap: do cities indeed make us smarter?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raoul van Maarseveen
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Rural Education ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Comparative Advantage ◽  
Family Characteristics ◽  
Rural Regions ◽  
Recent Success ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Education Gap

Abstract Despite the large urban–rural education gap observed in most countries, little attention has been paid to whether cities actually enjoy a comparative advantage in the production of human capital. Using Dutch administrative data, this paper finds that children growing in urban regions consistently attain higher levels of human capital compared with children in rural regions, conditional on observed cognitive ability and various family characteristics. The elasticity of university attendance with respect to population density is 0.07, which is robust across a variety of specifications. Hence, the paper offers a different explanation to explain the recent success of cities.

scholarly journals Current Situation and Development Trend of Policies for Balanced Development of Urban and Rural Education in Eastern, Central and Western China from the Perspective of Educational Equity

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 223
Author(s):  
Jianwei Yang
Keyword(s):  
Rural Education ◽  
Educational Equity ◽  
Development Trend ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Western China ◽  
Education For All ◽  
Balanced Development ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Education Gap

Since the 21st century, China has achieved some success in equity in urban-rural education, and the policies issued have effectively eased the economic pressure of families with special problems and enabled rural education to develop in a sustained and healthy way. In addition, some relevant auxiliary policies have been implemented, providing large amounts of resources for rural education, greatly improving the level of education and teaching and the enthusiasm of rural education. Based on this, this article analyzes the current situation and development trend of policies for balanced development of urban and rural education in eastern, central and western China from the perspective of educational equity. According to the current policies, the main reasons leading to the education gap in eastern, central and western China are discussed. It also clarifies the existing problems of relevant policies, and conducts research and analysis on the future development, aiming to effectively improve the school-running situation in poor and backward areas and to truly realize education for all citizens.

Reassessing the Export Competitiveness of Vietnam

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 539-549
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Comparative Advantage ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Industry Trade ◽  
Export Competitiveness

In this paper, primarily the export specialisation pattern of Vietnam has been examined from the perspective of domestic value added exports. In addition, an effort has been made to identify presence of exaggeration in gross exports measures of industries level competitiveness. Empirical findings suggest that the export specialisation of Vietnam has reversed, and there is presence of exaggeration in the estimates of comparative advantage of ‘human capital and technology intensive’ industries that has also caused in ballooning up their shares in gross exports. Such pattern has arisen because intra-industry trade has become increasingly significant in Vietnam. Received 11th March 2019; Revised 17th October 2019, Accepted 20th October 2019

scholarly journals Can South Africa sustain and diversify its exports?

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne Matthee ◽  
Ernst Idsardi ◽  
Waldo Krugell
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Comparative Advantage ◽  
Export Growth ◽  
Intensive Margin ◽  
Manufactured Products ◽  
Low Levels

The aim of this paper is to examine the diversification of South Africa’s exports over the period 1994 to 2012. A decomposition of export growth shows that exports of non-fuel primary commodities as well as medium-skill and technology-intensive manufactured products increased. The largest decrease was in the export of resource-intensive manufactures. These changes reflect South Africa’s endowment of relatively low levels of physical and human capital. The analysis shows that export products that are further from the country’s comparative advantage, make smaller contributions to growth in the intensive margin. It clearly shows the challenge of sustainably diversifying the export basket.

scholarly journals Greenspace availability or greenspace usability, which matters on PM2.5-related premature deaths: evidence from 360 cities in China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingru Yang ◽  
Yijin Wang ◽  
Fangzheng Li ◽  
Yuge Xie ◽  
Xiaoli Wang
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Respiratory Health ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Deprivation Index ◽  
Rural Regions ◽  
Premature Deaths ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Deprived Areas

Abstract Greenspace exposure is confirmed to reduce air pollution-related negative health impact. However, which type of greenspace exposure matters more on mitigating air pollution-related deaths and whether this effect is regionally different remain unclear. Here we show, greenspace usability exposure plays a more significant role in mitigating PM2.5-related premature deaths in 360 China cities generally speaking. By clustering 360 cities into urban-rural and Deprivation Index groups, we further find that greenspace availability and usability together work on respiratory health in rural regions, and greenspace availability matters more in very low deprived areas or urban and rural regions. Our results that increasing greenspace usability exposure is more helpful in reducing air pollution-related premature deaths may inform more effective and equitable greenspace planning policies in rapidly developing countries like China.

scholarly journals Characterizing Industrial-Dominated Suburban Formation Using Quantitative Zoning Method: The Case of Bekasi Regency, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 8094
Author(s):  
Adib Kurnia ◽  
Ernan Rustiadi ◽  
Andrea Pravitasari
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Development Policy ◽  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Urban Sustainability ◽  
Rural Regions ◽  
Regional Clusters ◽  
Industrial Land Use ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Agricultural Areas

Suburbanization of Bekasi Regency as a part of the Jakarta Metropolitan Area (JMA) is mainly induced by urban expansion and industrialization, in which the suburbanization process threatens food security and ultimately disrupts urban sustainability. This study aims to characterize industrial-dominated suburban formation to manage the suburbanization process using a quantitative zoning method. In assessing the characteristics of industrially dominated suburban, this research utilizes the concept of urban–rural development (URD), which consists of five aspects of development (socioeconomic, population, industrial, land-use, and environmental). Factor analysis and Rustiadi’s spatial clustering form regional clusters using all variables while referring to the URD concept. The results showed that there are three regional typologies: (i) urban, (ii) Desakota, and (iii) rural regions. Urban regions are situated in the central and western parts of Bekasi Regency, rural regions are situated in the northern part of Bekasi Regency, while the desakota region is situated between urban and rural regions. Characteristics of each typology then could be used as the basis for development policy in Bekasi Regency which is then constructed towards the protection of agricultural areas in the rural and desakota regions, serving both food security function and strengthening urban sustainability of JMA.

Measuring Smart Land Use in Urban-Rural Regions of China: A Case Study of Pukou, Nanjing City

2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cao Wei ◽  
Zhou Shenglu ◽  
Wu Shaohua
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Rural Regions ◽  
Nanjing City ◽  
Urban Rural
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