scholarly journals Earnings Losses and Labor Mobility Over the Life Cycle

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 678-724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Jung ◽  
Moritz Kuhn
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Job Stability ◽  
Earnings Dynamics ◽  
Worker Flows ◽  
Dislocated Worker ◽  
Earnings Losses ◽  
Main Driver ◽  
Large Worker ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Large and persistent earnings losses following displacement have adverse consequences for the individual worker and the macroeconomy. Leading models cannot explain their size and disagree on their sources. Two mean-reverting forces make earnings losses transitory in these models: search as an upward force allows workers to climb back up the job ladder, and separations as a downward force make nondisplaced workers fall down the job ladder. We show that job stability at the top rather than search frictions at the bottom is the main driver of persistent earnings losses. We provide new empirical evidence on heterogeneity in job stability and develop a life-cycle search model to explain the facts. Our model offers a quantitative reconciliation of key stylized facts about the U.S. labor market: large worker flows, a large share of stable jobs, and persistent earnings shocks. We explain the size of earnings losses by dampening the downward force. Our new explanation highlights the tight link between labor market mobility and earnings dynamics. Regarding the sources, we find that over 85% stem from the loss of a particularly good job at the top of the job ladder. We apply the model to study the effectiveness of two labor market policies, retraining and placement support, from the Dislocated Worker Program. We find that both are ineffective in reducing earnings losses in line with the program evaluation literature.

scholarly journals Nonlinear Household Earnings Dynamics, Self-Insurance, and Welfare

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 890-926 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariacristina De Nardi ◽  
Giulio Fella ◽  
Gonzalo Paz-Pardo
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Linear Process ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Consumption Insurance ◽  
Earnings Dynamics ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Standard Life ◽  
Earnings Risk ◽  
Alternative Processes

Abstract Earnings dynamics are much richer than typically assumed in macro models with heterogeneous agents. This holds for individual-pre-tax and household-post-tax earnings and across administrative and survey data. We estimate two alternative processes for household after-tax earnings and study their implications using a standard life-cycle model. Both processes feature a persistent and a transitory component, but although the first one is the canonical linear process with stationary shocks, the second one has substantially richer earnings dynamics, allowing for age-dependence of moments, non-normality, and nonlinearity in previous earnings and age. Allowing for richer earnings dynamics implies a substantially better fit of the evolution of cross-sectional consumption inequality over the life cycle and of the individual-level degree of consumption insurance against persistent earnings shocks. The richer earnings process implies lower welfare costs of earnings risk.

The Perfect Storm: Graduating during a Recession in a Segmented Labor Market

ILR Review ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 492-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Fernández-Kranz ◽  
Núria Rodríguez-Planas
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
College Graduates ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
The United States ◽  
Labor Market Institutions ◽  
Flexible Labor ◽  
Earnings Losses ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Annual Earnings ◽  
Segmented Labor Market

Using Spanish Social Security data merged with Labor Force Survey data, this article analyzes the effects of entry labor market conditions on workers’ careers two to three decades after graduating in Spain, a country well known for its highly segmented labor market and rigid labor market institutions. In contrast to more flexible labor markets such as in the United States or Canada, the authors find that following a recession the annual earnings losses of individuals without a university degree are greater and more persistent than those of college graduates. For workers without a college degree, the effect is driven by a lower likelihood of employment. For college graduates, the negative impact on earnings is driven by both a higher probability of non-employment and employment in jobs with fixed-term contracts. Although a negative shock increases mobility of college graduates across firms and industries, no earnings recovery occurs for the individual, just secondary labor market job churning. Results are consistent with the tight regulations of the Spanish labor market, such as binding minimum wages and downward wage rigidity caused by collective bargaining agreements.

Rites of Passage

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Axel Michaels
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Rites Of Passage ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
Transformational Process ◽  
Local Contexts ◽  
Vulnerable Community ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual

This chapter examines the classical Hindu life-cycle rites, the term saṃskāra and its history, and the main sources (Gṛhyasūtras and Dharma texts). It presents a history of the traditional saṃskāras and variants in local contexts, especially in Nepal. It describes prenatal, birth and childhood, initiation, marriage, old-age, death, and ancestor rituals. Finally, it analyzes the transformational process of these life-cycle rituals in the light of general theories on rites of passage. It proposes, in saṃskāras, man equates himself with the unchangeable and thus seems to counteract the uncertainty of the future, of life and death, since persons are confronted with their finite existence. For evidently every change, whether social or biological, represents a danger for the cohesion of the vulnerable community of the individual and society. These rituals then become an attempt of relegating the effects of nature or of mortality: birth, teething, sexual maturity, reproduction, and dying.

scholarly journals Impact of Cycle Time and Payload of an Industrial Robot on Resource Efficiency

Robotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Florian Stuhlenmiller ◽  
Steffi Weyand ◽  
Jens Jungblut ◽  
Liselotte Schebek ◽  
Debora Clever ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Resource Efficiency ◽  
Life Cycle Costs ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Cycle Times ◽  
The Individual

Modern industry benefits from the automation capabilities and flexibility of robots. Consequently, the performance depends on the individual task, robot and trajectory, while application periods of several years lead to a significant impact of the use phase on the resource efficiency. In this work, simulation models predicting a robot’s energy consumption are extended by an estimation of the reliability, enabling the consideration of maintenance to enhance the assessment of the application’s life cycle costs. Furthermore, a life cycle assessment yields the greenhouse gas emissions for the individual application. Potential benefits of the combination of motion simulation and cost analysis are highlighted by the application to an exemplary system. For the selected application, the consumed energy has a distinct impact on greenhouse gas emissions, while acquisition costs govern life cycle costs. Low cycle times result in reduced costs per workpiece, however, for short cycle times and higher payloads, the probability of required spare parts distinctly increases for two critical robotic joints. Hence, the analysis of energy consumption and reliability, in combination with maintenance, life cycle costing and life cycle assessment, can provide additional information to improve the resource efficiency.

Family, Community and Long-Term Socioeconomic Inequality: Evidence from Siblings and Youth Peers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Bingley ◽  
Lorenzo Cappellari ◽  
Konstantinos Tatsiramos
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Socioeconomic Inequality ◽  
Working Life ◽  
Community Effects ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Sibling Correlation ◽  
Earnings Dynamics ◽  
Sibling Correlations ◽  
Youth Community

Abstract Using administrative data for the population of Danish men and women, we develop an empirical model which accounts for the joint earnings dynamics of siblings and youth community peers. We provide the first decomposition of the sibling correlation of permanent earnings into family and community effects allowing for life cycle dynamics and extending the analysis to consider other outcomes. We find that family is the most important factor influencing sibling correlations of earnings, education and unemployment. Community background matters for shaping the sibling correlation of earnings and unemployment early in the working life, but its importance quickly diminishes.

Multiple Haemoglobins of the Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

1968 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 2651-2663 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. P. Wilkins
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
Small Fish ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Complete Development ◽  
Starch Gel ◽  
The Individual

The haemoglobins of over 500 salmon of different lengths, from Scotland, Greenland, and Canada have been analysed by vertical starch–gel electrophoresis at pH 8.1. Complex ontogenetic variations, involving an initial increase and later reduction in the number of fractions evident, have been observed among the anodally migrating haemoglobins. The variations observed have been correlated with changes in length, and the complete development of the anodal haemoglobin complex from the single fraction of small fish to the nine-fraction pattern of adults is outlined. The individual haemoglobin fractions appear to represent structurally distinct molecules whose regulated occurrence at different phases of the life cycle is discussed at the individual and population levels.

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