scholarly journals JEEA-FBBVA LECTURE 2019: Consumption Insurance in Networks with Asymmetric Information: Evidence from Tanzania

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1589-1618
Author(s):  
Orazio Attanasio ◽  
Sonya Krutikova
Keyword(s):  
Risk Sharing ◽  
Information Quality ◽  
Income Shocks ◽  
Information Frictions ◽  
Family Networks ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Consumption Insurance ◽  
Idiosyncratic Shocks ◽  
The Individual

Abstract This paper uses a dataset from Tanzania with information on consumption, income, and income shocks within and across family networks. Crucially and uniquely, it also contains data on the degree of information existing between each pair of households within family networks. We use these data to construct a novel measure of the quality of information both at the level of household pairs and at the level of the network. We also note that the individual level measures can be interpreted as measures of network centrality. We study risk sharing within these networks and explore whether the rejection of perfect risk sharing that we observe can be related to our measures of information quality. We show that households within family networks with better information are less vulnerable to idiosyncratic shocks. Furthermore, we show that more central households within networks are less vulnerable to idiosyncratic shocks. These results have important implications for the characterisation of the empirical failure of the perfect risk-sharing hypothesis and point to the importance of information frictions.

scholarly journals System models for resilience in gerontology: application to the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Klasa ◽  
Stephanie Galaitsi ◽  
Andrew Wister ◽  
Igor Linkov
Keyword(s):  
The Elderly ◽  
System Level ◽  
Improve Quality ◽  
Care Needs ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Chronic Stressors ◽  
The World ◽  
Aging Adults ◽  
The Individual

AbstractThe care needs for aging adults are increasing burdens on health systems around the world. Efforts minimizing risk to improve quality of life and aging have proven moderately successful, but acute shocks and chronic stressors to an individual’s systemic physical and cognitive functions may accelerate their inevitable degradations. A framework for resilience to the challenges associated with aging is required to complement on-going risk reduction policies, programs and interventions. Studies measuring resilience among the elderly at the individual level have not produced a standard methodology. Moreover, resilience measurements need to incorporate external structural and system-level factors that determine the resources that adults can access while recovering from aging-related adversities. We use the National Academies of Science conceptualization of resilience for natural disasters to frame resilience for aging adults. This enables development of a generalized theory of resilience for different individual and structural contexts and populations, including a specific application to the COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals The Effects of the Working Environment of Firefighters on the Quality of Life

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 72-77
Author(s):  
Hee-Chul Choi
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Fire Fighting ◽  
Working Environment ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Monetary Rewards ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
The Individual

This study aimed to contribute to the preparation of an action plan for the improvement of the quality of life of firefighters at the individual level by examining how the working environment as perceived by firefighters affects their quality of life. To this end, this study conducted a survey that used purposive sampling targeting 201 fire-fighting officers in Incheon. The survey results showed that of the sub-variables of the working environment of firefighters, monetary rewards, challenges, and promotion had a significant influence on the quality of life. Based on the results, this study suggested various action plans that can support the working environment and improve the quality of life of firefighters.

New Technology Communication in American State Governments

2012 ◽  
pp. 1806-1823
Author(s):  
Hyun Jung Yun ◽  
Cynthia Opheim
Keyword(s):  
Political Participation ◽  
New Technology ◽  
State Level ◽  
Electronic Systems ◽  
State Governments ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Political Exclusion ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Combined Data

This study examines the effects of states’ e-government efforts, more specifically the progress of e-service and e-democracy, on citizens’ general political engagement and electoral participation. Utilizing the combined data with the state level of West’s e-Government measures (2008) and the individual level of the 2008 American Election Study, this study finds a strong link between state sponsored efforts at e-Government and traditional forms of the public’s political participation. State sponsored digital services and outreach increase general political participation more than campaign activities, and the implementation of e-democracy has a greater effect on mobilization than e-service. The results imply that e-government has potential to ameliorate political exclusion by letting the politically disadvantaged access a higher quality of information with an equalized accessibility through state governments’ electronic systems.

New Technology Communication in American State Governments

2012 ◽  
pp. 573-590
Author(s):  
Hyun Jung Yun ◽  
Cynthia Opheim
Keyword(s):  
Political Participation ◽  
New Technology ◽  
State Level ◽  
Electronic Systems ◽  
State Governments ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Political Exclusion ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Combined Data

This study examines the effects of states’ e-government efforts, more specifically the progress of e-service and e-democracy, on citizens’ general political engagement and electoral participation. Utilizing the combined data with the state level of West’s e-Government measures (2008) and the individual level of the 2008 American Election Study, this study finds a strong link between state sponsored efforts at e-Government and traditional forms of the public’s political participation. State sponsored digital services and outreach increase general political participation more than campaign activities, and the implementation of e-democracy has a greater effect on mobilization than e-service. The results imply that e-government has potential to ameliorate political exclusion by letting the politically disadvantaged access a higher quality of information with an equalized accessibility through state governments’ electronic systems.

Children’s Height and Parental Unemployment: A Large-Scale Anthropometric Study on Eastern Germany, 1994–2006

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörg Baten ◽  
Andreas Böhm
Keyword(s):  
Employment Status ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Psychological Effects ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Panel Analysis ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Parental Unemployment ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Anthropometric Study

Abstract The average height of children is an indicator of the quality of nutrition and healthcare. In this study, we assess the effect of unemployment and other factors on this variable. In the Eastern German Land of Brandenburg, a dataset of 253,050 preschool height measurements was compiled and complemented with information on parents’ schooling and employment status. Unemployment might have negative psychological effects, with an impact on parental care. Both a panel analysis of districts and an assessment at the individual level yield the result that increasing unemployment, net out-migration and fertility were in fact reducing height.

Health literacy and its effects on well-being: how vulnerable healthcare service users integrate online resources

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 697-715
Author(s):  
Justine Virlée ◽  
Allard C.R. van Riel ◽  
Wafa Hammedi
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Health Literacy ◽  
Healthcare Service ◽  
Health Resources ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Service Users ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual

Purpose This study aims to develop a better understanding of how online health community (OHC) members with different health literacy (HL) levels benefit from their participation, through the analysis and comparison of their resource integration (RI) processes. It investigates through a RI lens how the vulnerability of community members – captured as their level of HL – affects the benefits they derive from participation. Design/methodology/approach Quantitative and qualitative methods were used to investigate the effects of healthcare service users’ vulnerability. Data were collected about their profiles and levels of HL. Furthermore, 15 in-depth interviews were conducted. Findings The study demonstrates how low levels of HL act as a barrier to the integration of available online health resources. Participation in OHCs appears less beneficial for vulnerable users. Three types of benefits were identified at the individual level, namely, psychological quality-of-life, physical quality-of-life and learning. Benefits identified at the community level were: content generation and participation in the development of the community. Originality/value This study has implications for the understanding of how service users’ activities affect their own outcomes and how the vulnerability of users could be anticipated and considered in the design of the community.

scholarly journals Anti-Corruption Expertise in Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Anti-Corruption Policy

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 689-698
Author(s):  
Tatyana Sudakova ◽  
Natalya Vasilyeva
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
Expert Evaluation ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Irkutsk Region ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Strategic Measures ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Quantitative Indicators

The effectiveness of currently implemented wide range of strategic measures aimed at reducing the corruption and criminogenic potential in many spheres of life directly depends on their effectiveness in some key areas. The institute of anti-corruption expertise (ACE) of legislation, which now incorporates a considerable theoretical and methodological basis, requires further improvement and elimination of identified drawbacks. An almost decade of its history has been characterized by a steadily growing number of expert evaluations and the corresponding increase in the number of identified corruption-generating factors and the number of changes and amendments to normative acts. However, this dynamics is subject to controversial evaluations by analysts who talk about a routine formalistic approach and stereotyped, one-size-fits-all actions of experts and other parties involved in the multilateral mechanism of ACE. The analysis of information on the websites of professional bodies implementing ACE from the standpoint of quantitative indicators shows that this institute is effective. At the same time, the true criteria of effectiveness, connected with the improvements in the quality of the lawmaking process as a desirable result of implementing ACE, cannot be reduced to the evaluation of quantitative indicators alone. The monitoring of the effectiveness of measures implemented today within the ACE framework duly stresses the qualitative criteria of such effectiveness. Using them in the expert evaluation of municipal normative legal acts (NLA) and draft acts makes it possible to update the task of improving the quality of the lawmaking process at all levels of public administration. Municipal NLAs hold an important place both in the volume of the decisions made and the scope of public relations that they regulate, which sets the task of evaluating the quality of such acts to a new level. The analysis of the regional expert evaluation of municipal NLAs (using the example of Irkutsk Region) made it possible to compare the existing practices in this sphere and to identify typical circumstances that reduce the anti-criminogenic potential of ACE. The expertise aimed at identifying the corruption-generating factors in the law enforcement acts - in the personified decisions of the municipal bodies - is not common practice. At the same time, such NLAs at the individual level act as serious regulators of the legal sphere of peoples lives because they are connected with decisions on the provision of state support, the allocation of quotas, the distribution of expenses, etc.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the seedvigor of Tournefortia paniculata Cham. post-digestive tract of the ruby-crowned tanager Tachyphonus coronatus (Vieillot, 1822)

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Sérgio Thode Filho ◽  
Heider Alves Franco ◽  
Emanuele Nunes de Lima Figueiredo Jorge ◽  
Mariana De Souza Oliveira ◽  
Jhon Lenon Genovez de Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Ecological Process ◽  
Germination Test ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Physiological Quality ◽  
The Individual

Endozoochory (dispersion with passage through the digestive system of animals) is one of the most important processes. It is included in the ecological process known as dispersive mutualism, benefit the species involved. The most used method to evaluate the physiological quality of seeds is carried out based on the traditional germination test. However, electrical conductivity tests with seeds of forest species are still scarce, especially those developed with the individual method, which provide greater fidelity to the results so that through this one can define the test by the mass methods. The current work aimed to investigate the vigor, from the electrical conductivity of the seeds of Tournefortia paniculata Cham. after passage through the digestive tract of a ruby-crowned tanager Tachyphonus coronatus (Vieillot, 1822). An expedition was conducted in a fragmented area of Atlantic Forest in process of reforestation in the campus of the IFRJ. After the capture of the passerine with mist nets, proceeded the identification of seeds shed in its feces. The experimental design was completely randomized with one treatments with five replicates. The results allowed concluded that the seed of the T. paniculata Cham. after digestive tract of the ruby-crowned tanager presented high electrical conductivity in three of its replicates at the individual level. 

scholarly journals Evaluate the activity of cryopreserved boar ejaculated spermatozoa under different thawing protocols

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 287-292
Author(s):  
O. V. Shcherbak ◽  
S. I. Kovtun ◽  
O. I. Metlitska ◽  
P. A. Trotskyi ◽  
I. M. Lyuta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Semen Quality ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
In Vitro Cultivation ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Cryopreserved Sperm ◽  
Boar Semen ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Breeding And Genetics

Aim. To evaluate the activity of cryopreserved boar ejaculated spermatozoa under different thawing protocols to optimize biotechnological approaches in pig reproduction based on the genetic material of the Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics nd. a. M.V. Zubets of National Academy of Agrarian Science of Ukraine. Methods. Cryopreserved ejaculated boars' sperm was thawed in three different ways. Biotechnological, cryobiological and morphological methods were used to assess the viability of the sperm. Results. We noted the individual feature of semen quality of the studied boars, which affects its suitability for cryopreservation and quality indicators after thawing. It was found that in liquefied boar sperm (sperm activity on average is 86.7%) after its centrifugation and three-hour equilibration at + 4 °C sperm activity decreased by an average of 25.0%. In order to improve the quality of cryopreserved sperm, it was thawed under different conditions. The highest activity of spermatozoa in thawed sperm of boar No. 225 of Myrhorod pig was at the level of 25.0% at the thawing temperature + 70 °C, and the thermal resistance and heat resistance were 70.0% and 60.0%, respectively. Conclusions. During this study was noted that there are peculiarities of boar semen at breed and individual level, which influence its ability to tolerate cryopreservation. Keywords: sperm, in vitro cultivation, cryobank, cryopreservation, boars.

scholarly journals Nonergodicity in Load and Recovery: Group Results Do Not Generalize to Individuals

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Niklas D. Neumann ◽  
Nico W. Van Yperen ◽  
Jur J. Brauers ◽  
Wouter Frencken ◽  
Michel S. Brink ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Total Quality ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Quality Of Recovery ◽  
Level Statistics ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Level Analysis

Purpose: The study of load and recovery gained significant interest in the last decades, given its important value in decreasing the likelihood of injuries and improving performance. So far, findings are typically reported on the group level, whereas practitioners are most often interested in applications at the individual level. Hence, the aim of the present research is to examine to what extent group-level statistics can be generalized to individual athletes, which is referred to as the “ergodicity issue.” Nonergodicity may have serious consequences for the way we should analyze, and work with, load and recovery measures in the sports field. Methods: The authors collected load, that is, rating of perceived exertion × training duration, and total quality of recovery data among youth male players of a professional football club. This data were collected daily across 2 seasons and analyzed on both the group and the individual level. Results: Group- and individual-level analysis resulted in different statistical outcomes, particularly with regard to load. Specifically, SDs within individuals were up to 7.63 times larger than SDs between individuals. In addition, at either level, the authors observed different correlations between load and recovery. Conclusions: The results suggest that the process of load and recovery in athletes is nonergodic, which has important implications for the sports field. Recommendations for training programs of individual athletes may be suboptimal, or even erroneous, when guided by group-level outcomes. The utilization of individual-level analysis is key to ensure the optimal balance of individual load and recovery.

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