scholarly journals Targeted Mutations in Xylella fastidiosa Affect Acquisition and Retention by the Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter, Homalodisca vitripennis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 612-621
Author(s):  
Venkatesan G Sengoda ◽  
Xiangyang Shi ◽  
Rodrigo Krugner ◽  
Elaine A Backus ◽  
Hong Lin
Keyword(s):  
Xylella Fastidiosa ◽  
Bacterial Colonization ◽  
Transmission Efficiency ◽  
Homalodisca Vitripennis ◽  
Initial Adhesion ◽  
Gene Level ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Complete Disruption

Abstract Xylella fastidiosa (Wells) is a xylem-limited bacterium that causes Pierce’s disease of grapevines. The bacterium is transmitted by insect vectors such as the glassy-winged sharpshooter (GWSS), Homalodisca vitripennis (Germar). Experiments were conducted to compare the role of selected X. fastidiosa genes on 1) bacterial acquisition and retention in GWSS foreguts, and 2) transmission to grapevines by GWSS. Bacterial genotypes used were: mutants Xf-ΔpilG, Xf-ΔpilH, Xf-ΔgacA, and Xf-ΔpopP; plus wild type (WT) as control. Results showed that Xf-ΔpilG had enhanced colonization rate and larger numbers in GWSS compared with WT. Yet, Xf-ΔpilG exhibited the same transmission efficiency as WT. The Xf-ΔpilH exhibited poor acquisition and retention. Although initial adhesion, multiplication, and retention of Xf-ΔpilH in GWSS were almost eliminated compared with WT, the mutation did not reduce transmission success in grapevines. Overall, Xf-ΔgacA showed colonization rates and numbers in foreguts similar to WT. The Xf-ΔgacA mutation did not affect initial adhesion, multiplication, and long-term retention compared with WT, and was not significantly diminished in transmission efficiency. In contrast, numbers of Xf-ΔpopP were variable over time, displaying greatest fluctuation from highest to lowest levels. Thus, Xf-ΔpopP had a strong, negative effect on initial adhesion, but adhered and slowly multiplied in the foregut. Again, transmission was not diminished compared to WT. Despite reductions in acquisition and retention by GWSS, transmission efficiency of genotypes to grapevines was not affected. Therefore, in order to stop the spread of X. fastidiosa by GWSS using gene-level targets, complete disruption of bacterial colonization mechanisms is required.

scholarly journals When a Neonate Is Born, So Is a Microbiota

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 148
Author(s):  
Alessandra Coscia ◽  
Flaminia Bardanzellu ◽  
Elisa Caboni ◽  
Vassilios Fanos ◽  
Diego Giampietro Peroni
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Colonization ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Delivery Mode ◽  
Fetal Life ◽  
Assisted Reproduction Techniques ◽  
Neonatal Nutrition ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Number Of Bacteria

In recent years, the role of human microbiota as a short- and long-term health promoter and modulator has been affirmed and progressively strengthened. In the course of one’s life, each subject is colonized by a great number of bacteria, which constitute its specific and individual microbiota. Human bacterial colonization starts during fetal life, in opposition to the previous paradigm of the “sterile womb”. Placenta, amniotic fluid, cord blood and fetal tissues each have their own specific microbiota, influenced by maternal health and habits and having a decisive influence on pregnancy outcome and offspring outcome. The maternal microbiota, especially that colonizing the genital system, starts to influence the outcome of pregnancy already before conception, modulating fertility and the success rate of fertilization, even in the case of assisted reproduction techniques. During the perinatal period, neonatal microbiota seems influenced by delivery mode, drug administration and many other conditions. Special attention must be reserved for early neonatal nutrition, because breastfeeding allows the transmission of a specific and unique lactobiome able to modulate and positively affect the neonatal gut microbiota. Our narrative review aims to investigate the currently identified pre- and peri-natal factors influencing neonatal microbiota, before conception, during pregnancy, pre- and post-delivery, since the early microbiota influences the whole life of each subject.

Labor lawsuits and debt maturity

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Omer Unsal
Keyword(s):  
Chief Executive ◽  
Debt Maturity ◽  
Employee Relations ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Debt Market ◽  
Legal Fees

Purpose This paper aims to investigate how firms’ relationships with employees define their debt maturity. The authors empirically test the role of employee litigations in influencing firms’ choice of short-term versus long-term debt. The authors study employee relations by analyzing the importance of the workplace environment on capital structure. Design/methodology/approach The author’s test hypotheses using a sample of US publicly traded firms between 2000 and 2017, including 3,056 unique firms with 4,256 unique chief executive officer, adopting the fixed effect panel model. Findings The authors document that employee litigations have a significant negative effect on the use of short-term debt and a significant positive affect on long-term debt. Employee litigations, along with legal fees, outcomes and charging parties, matter the most in explaining debt maturity. In addition, frequently sued firms abandon the short-term debt market and use less shareholders’ equity to finance their operations while relying more on the longer debt market. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to examine the role of employee mistreatment in debt maturity choice. The study extends the lawsuit and finance literature by examining unique, hand-collected data sets of employee lawsuits, allegations, violations, settlements, charging parties, case outcomes and case durations.

The persistent effect of banking crises on investment and the role of financial markets

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Rioja ◽  
Fernando Rios-Avila ◽  
Neven Valev
Keyword(s):  
Financial Markets ◽  
Financial Development ◽  
Banking Crisis ◽  
Banking Crises ◽  
Output Growth ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Negative Effect

Purpose – While the literature studying the effect of banking crises on real output growth rates has found short-lived effects, recent work has focused on the level effects showing that banking crises can reduce output below its trend for several years. This paper aims to investigate the effect of banking crises on investment finding a prolonged negative effect. Design/methodology/approach – The authors test to see whether investment declines after a banking crisis and, if it does, for how long and by how much. The paper uses data for 148 countries from 1963 to 2007. Econometrically, the authors test how banking crises episodes affect investment in future years after controlling for other potential determinants. Findings – The authors find that the investment to GDP ratio is on average about 1.7 percent lower for about eight years following a banking crisis. These results are robust after controlling for credit availability, institutional characteristics, and a host of other factors. Furthermore, the authors find that the size and duration of this adverse effect on investment varies according to the level of financial development of a country. The largest and longer-lasting decrease in investment is found in countries in a middle region of financial development, where finance plays its most important role according to theory. Originality/value – The authors contribute by finding that banking crisis can have long-term effects on investment of up to nine years. Further, the authors contribute by finding that the level of development of the country's financial markets affects the duration of this decrease in investment.

The effect of task conflict on outsourcers’ long-term orientation toward suppliers: the moderating role of formal control and Chinese guanxi

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 260-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuting Li ◽  
Mark H. Haney ◽  
Gukseong Lee ◽  
Mingu Kang ◽  
Changsuk Ko
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Management ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Manufacturing Firms ◽  
Task Conflict ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Formal Control ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Moderating Role

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the antecedents of manufacturing firms’ long-term orientation towards their suppliers in the context of outsourcing relationships in China. Design/methodology/approach Based on survey data collected from 224 manufacturing firms in China, this study examines the hypothesized relationships. Findings The results show that task conflict has a negative effect on long-term orientation, both Chinese guanxi and formal control are useful governance mechanisms to enhance long-term orientation, and the negative effect of task conflict on the long-term orientation weakens as Chinese guanxi between a manufacturer and its supplier increases. Originality/value This study contributes to a better understanding of conflict management in outsourcing relationships in China.

Does the Bargaining Power of Vertical Parties Improve or Worsen the Effect of Family Influence on Long-Term Performance?

2020 ◽  
pp. 154-184
Author(s):  
Rubén Martínez-Alonso ◽  
María J. Martínez-Romero ◽  
Julio Diéguez-Soto ◽  
Alfonso A. Rojo-Ramírez
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factor ◽  
Bargaining Power ◽  
Manufacturing Firms ◽  
Family Influence ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Long Term Performance ◽  
Term Performance ◽  
Moderating Role

Grounding in the socioemotional wealth approach, this chapter explores the effect of family influence on long-term performance. Moreover, this study also examines the moderating role of the bargaining power of vertical parties, namely supplier (SBP) and customer (CBP) bargaining power, on the preceding relationship. By utilising a panel dataset of 3,118 observations of Spanish private manufacturing firms in the 2007–2016 period, the chapter finds that family influence negatively impacts long-term performance. The findings also reveal that CBP mitigates the negative effect of family influence on long-term performance. In this light, CBP is found to be a potential environmental factor that enables family influenced firms enhancing their long-term performance.

scholarly journals Meta-Analysis of the Adverse Effects of Long-Term Azithromycin Use in Patients with Chronic Lung Diseases

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 511-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Li ◽  
Ding-Hui Liu ◽  
Lu-Lu Chen ◽  
Qi Zhao ◽  
Yan-Zhe Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Adverse Events ◽  
Lung Diseases ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Colonization ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Placebo Treatment ◽  
Chronic Lung Diseases

ABSTRACTThe adverse effects of azithromycin on the treatment of patients with chronic lung diseases (CLD) were evaluated in the present study. MEDLINE and other databases were searched for relevant articles published until August 2013. Randomized controlled trials that enrolled patients with chronic lung diseases who received long-term azithromycin treatment were selected, and data on microbiological studies and azithromycin-related adverse events were abstracted from articles and analyzed. Six studies were included in the meta-analysis. The risk of bacterial resistance in patients receiving long-term azithromycin treatment was increased 2.7-fold (risk ratio [RR], 2.69 [95% confidence interval {95% CI}, 1.249, 5.211]) compared with the risk in patients receiving placebo treatment. On the other hand, the risk of bacterial colonization decreased in patients receiving azithromycin treatment (RR, 0.551 [95% CI, 0.460, 0.658]). Patients receiving long-term azithromycin therapy were at risk of increased impairment of hearing (RR, 1.168 [95% CI, 1.030, 1.325]). This analysis provides evidence supporting the idea that bacterial resistance can develop with long-term azithromycin treatment. Besides the increasingly recognized anti-inflammatory role of azithromycin used in treating chronic lung diseases, we should be aware of the potential for adverse events with its long-term use.

scholarly journals International Capital Flows and Bond Risk Premia

2014 ◽  
Vol 04 (01) ◽  
pp. 1450001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesus Sierra
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Excess Returns ◽  
Treasury Securities ◽  
Bond Risk Premia ◽  
Predictive Regressions ◽  
Out Of Sample ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Bond Risk

We investigate whether foreign purchases of long-term U.S. Treasury securities significantly affect their expected excess-returns. We run predictive regressions of realized excess returns on measures of net purchases of treasuries by both foreign official and private agents. We find that official flows, with a negative effect, appear similar to relative supply shocks; private flows, with a positive impact, resemble flows that absorb excess-supply and are thus compensated for this service, similar to the role of arbitrageurs. The results are robust to out-of-sample tests and the use of benchmark survey-consistent adjusted flows data.

scholarly journals MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Impact of isolated TSH levels in and out of normal range on different tissues

2016 ◽  
Vol 174 (2) ◽  
pp. R29-R41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleonore Fröhlich ◽  
Richard Wahl
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Intermediate Risk ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Tsh Suppression ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Risk Patients ◽  
Tsh Levels

Routine treatment of thyroid cancer (TC) includes long-term suppression of TSH. The necessity of this treatment in low- and intermediate-risk patients as well as the extent of TSH suppression is currently under discussion. A literature search was performed to illustrate the role of TSH in extrathyroidal cells and to identify potential reasons for different effects of exogenously suppressed and endogenously low TSH levels. Although adverse effects of subnormal and supranormal TSH blood levels on heart and brain have not been consistently found, studies show a clear negative effect of suppressed TSH levels on bone mineral density. Experimental data also support an important role of TSH in the immune system. The ability of levothyroxine (l-T4) to regulate TSH levels and triiodothyronine levels in a physiological manner is limited. Reduction of circadian changes in TSH levels, decrease of thyroid hormone-binding proteins, prevention of potential compensatory increases of TSH levels (e.g., in old age), and unresponsiveness of TSH-producing cells to TRH onl-T4treatment might cause adverse effects of suppressed TSH levels. In view of the adverse effects of aggressive TSH suppression, achieving the suggested levels of TSH between 0.9 and 1 mU/l in the treatment of low-to-intermediate risk TC patients appears justified.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Impact of Exports and Investment on Indonesian Economic Growth

2021 ◽  
pp. 92-101
Author(s):  
Alfred Leonard ◽  
Tanti Novianti ◽  
Sri Mulatsih
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Domestic Investment ◽  
Average Share ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Impact

The average share of net exports to Indonesia's economic growth was only 1.01% in the last 30 years. The contribution and important role of manufacturing industry exports in total national exports ranged from 73.62 – 80.91% with an average of 78.30% in the last 10 years (2010 – 2020). This study aims to analyze the impact of manufacturing industry exports and investment on economic growth through the export-led growth hypothesis. The results show that there is a long-term relationship between foreign investment, domestic investment, employment, and manufacturing industry exports to GDP. Domestic investment and manufacturing exports have a positive effect on GDP, on the other hand, foreign investment and employment have a negative effect. An indication of the negative influence of FDI in Indonesia is due to the low rate of economic return. In addition, the negative effect of labor absorption is indicated by the unavailability of adequate employment opportunities.

scholarly journals The Role of Confucius Institutes and One Belt, One Road Initiatives on the Values of Cross-Border M&A: Empirical Evidence from China

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 10277
Author(s):  
Jin-Young Jung ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Sung-Woo Cho
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Cultural Distance ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Long Run ◽  
One Belt One Road ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Confucius Institutes

This study examines how national cultural policies such as Confucius Institutes and One Belt, One Road initiatives (BRI) affect the post-acquisition returns of Chinese cross-border mergers and acquisitions based on data from a sample of 192 transactions covering 2011 to 2015. We find that the cultural export of Chinese Confucius Institutes and the BRI exert a significantly positive impact on long-term acquirer returns, while cultural/institutional distance exerts a negative impact. Further evidence shows that Confucius Institutes and BRI mitigate the negative effect of cultural distance between merging firms. These results offer the first evidence that national cultural translation has substantial impacts on the long-run acquirer financial performance of cross-border mergers that decrease cultural institutional heterogeneity between countries.

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