Effectiveness of Hot-Water Immersion Against Brevipalpus yothersi (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) as a Postharvest Treatment for Lemons

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra M Revynthi ◽  
Jorge E Peña ◽  
Jessica M Moreno ◽  
Andrea L Beam ◽  
Catharine Mannion ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Virulent Strain ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Postharvest Treatment ◽  
Citrus Leprosis ◽  
Hot Water Immersion

AbstractCitrus leprosis is a destructive disease of citrus caused by several viruses (CiLVs) that are quarantine pests in the United States. Brevipalpus yothersi Baker (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) vectors the most virulent strain of CiLV. This mite is present in the United States and could facilitate the spread of the disease if CiLV reaches the country. Postharvest treatments could mitigate B. yothersi on imported commodities from areas where CiLV exists. The current study explores the effectiveness of hot-water immersion as a postharvest treatment against B. yothersi. Lemons were immersed in water at 21, 48, 53, or 63°C for 5, 10, and 15 min. Immersions at 53 and 63°C for all time schedules dislodged over 99% of adult mites. Lemon fruit quality and B. yothersi egg viability after hot-water immersion were also evaluated. Fruit quality significantly decreased in lemons treated at 63°C resulting in decay (grade 3, rejection), while at 53°C there was a quality reduction (grade 2, minimum acceptable market level) compared to lemons immersed at 21°C or nontreated controls (grade 1). None of the eggs hatched when the lemons were immersed in water at 63°C and an average of 1.5% hatched at 53°C for all time schedules. Immersion in water at 53°C for 5 min dislodged 99.71% and 57.14% of adult and immature mites, respectively, and resulted in 98.11% unhatched eggs without significant fruit quality reduction. Hot-water immersion could be a key component in a systems approach to control B. yothersi on imported citrus fruits from countries where citrus leprosis is present.

Effect of postharvest heat treatments on fruit quality, surface structure, and fungal disease in Valencia oranges

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (8) ◽  
pp. 1183 ◽  
Author(s):  
MH Williams ◽  
MA Brown ◽  
M Vesk ◽  
C Brady
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Heat Treatments ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Postharvest Disease ◽  
Heating Process ◽  
Oil Glands ◽  
Hot Water Immersion

The effect of prestorage heat treatments on the quality of Valencia oranges and on postharvest disease was investigated during a 6-week storage trial. Fruit receiving a hot water immersion regime (45�C core temperature for 42 min) designed to disinfest against Queensland fruit fly lost significantly less moisture and remained firmer during storage than unheated control fruit. Disinfestation treatment also significantly reduced fruit acidity and number of viable spores of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Penicillium digitatum, and P. italicum. The gradual heating process involved with disinfestation was more successful in maintaining fruit quality than surface sterilisation by hot water immersion (12 min at 53�C), or conditioning in air (24 h at 30�C and 90% relative humidity). Heat-treated fruit showed enhanced colour development. Light and electron microscopy studies showed that heating had little effect on the structure of surface waxes; however, collapsed oil glands were observed after cool storage. Prestorage heat treatments could be a favourable alternative to chemicals for control of pests.

scholarly journals Hot Water Immersion as a Quarantine Treatment for Large Mangoes: Artificial versus Cage Infestation

2002 ◽  
Vol 127 (3) ◽  
pp. 430-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.C. Shellie ◽  
R.L. Mangan
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Commercial Application ◽  
Anastrepha Ludens ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Artificial Infestation

Market demand exists in the United States for fresh mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit weighing >700 g, yet fruit of this size cannot be imported for lack of a quarantine treatment against fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae). Therefore, the objectives of this research were to evaluate the influence of fruit infestation method on mortality of late third instar, fruit fly larvae after fruit were immersed in hot water, and to generate dose mortality and fruit quality data for mangoes >700 g. Results suggested that artificial infestation is preferable to cage infestation because artificial infestation eliminates the direct influence of fruit weight loss on the heat dose delivered to the fruit center. Other advantages of artificial over cage infestation include: fruit maturity at treatment is similar to commercial application, mortality of untreated control fruit can be calculated, larval maturity is uniform and observable, and larvae can be placed into the slowest heating part of the fruit. Infesting with 50 rather than 25 larvae per fruit was preferred because the number of larvae placed into the fruit did not influence mortality and twice as many larvae were evaluated using the same number of fruit. The dose mortality and fruit quality data generated in this research suggest that immersion in water at 46.1 °C for 110 minutes may provide Probit 9 level quarantine security against Mexican fruit fly (Anastrepha ludens Loew) for mangoes weighing up to 900 g without adversely affecting fruit market quality.

scholarly journals A comparison of heat acclimation by post-exercise hot water immersion and exercise in the heat

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert D. McIntyre ◽  
Michael J. Zurawlew ◽  
Samuel J. Oliver ◽  
Andrew T. Cox ◽  
Jessica A. Mee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Immersion ◽  
Heat Acclimation ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Hot Water Immersion

scholarly journals Local cooling during hot water immersion improves perceptions without inhibiting the acute interleukin-6 response

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Mansfield ◽  
S. P. Hoekstra ◽  
J. J. Bill ◽  
Christof A. Leicht
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Interleukin 6 ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Healthy Male ◽  
Local Cooling ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Body Cooling ◽  
Hot Water Immersion

Abstract Purpose Passive elevation of body temperature can induce an acute inflammatory response that has been proposed to be beneficial; however, it can be perceived as uncomfortable. Here, we investigate whether local cooling of the upper body during hot water immersion can improve perception without inhibiting the interleukin-6 (IL-6) response. Methods Nine healthy male participants (age: 22 ± 1 years, body mass: 83.4 ± 9.4 kg) were immersed up to the waist for three 60-min water immersion conditions: 42 °C hot water immersion (HWI), 42 °C HWI with simultaneous upper-body cooling using a fan (FAN), and 36 °C thermoneutral water immersion (CON). Blood samples to determine IL-6 plasma concentration were collected pre- and post-water immersion; basic affect and thermal comfort were assessed throughout the intervention. Results Plasma IL-6 concentration was higher for HWI and FAN when compared with CON (P < 0.01) and did not differ between HWI and FAN (P = 0.22; pre to post, HWI: 1.0 ± 0.6 to 1.5 ± 0.7 pg·ml−1, FAN: 0.7 ± 0.5 to 1.1 ± 0.5 pg·ml−1, CON: 0.5 ± 0.2 to 0.5 ± 0.2 pg·ml−1). At the end of immersion, basic affect was lowest for HWI (HWI: − 1.8 ± 2.0, FAN: 0.2 ± 1.6, CON 1.0 ± 2.1, P < 0.02); thermal comfort for HWI was in the uncomfortable range (3.0 ± 1.0, P < 0.01 when compared with FAN and CON), whereas FAN (0.7 ± 0.7) and CON (-0.2 ± 0.7) were in the comfortable range. Conclusion Local cooling of the upper body during hot water immersion improves basic affect and thermal comfort without inhibiting the acute IL-6 response.

Hot-Water Immersion as a Potential Quarantine Treatment Against Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli (Homoptera: Diaspididae)

1993 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 1167-1170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnold H. Hara ◽  
Trent Y. Hata ◽  
Benjamin K. S. Hu ◽  
Victoria L. Tenbrink
Keyword(s):  
Water Immersion ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Hot Water Immersion

scholarly journals Lower-limb hot-water immersion acutely induces beneficial hemodynamic and cardiovascular responses in peripheral arterial disease and healthy, elderly controls

2017 ◽  
Vol 312 (3) ◽  
pp. R281-R291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate N. Thomas ◽  
André M. van Rij ◽  
Samuel J. E. Lucas ◽  
James D. Cotter
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Duplex Ultrasound ◽  
Arterial Disease ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Healthy Elderly ◽  
Limb Perfusion ◽  
Peripheral Arterial ◽  
Hot Water Immersion

Passive heat induces beneficial perfusion profiles, provides substantive cardiovascular strain, and reduces blood pressure, thereby holding potential for healthy and cardiovascular disease populations. The aim of this study was to assess acute responses to passive heat via lower-limb, hot-water immersion in patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and healthy, elderly controls. Eleven patients with PAD (age 71 ± 6 yr, 7 male, 4 female) and 10 controls (age 72 ± 7 yr, 8 male, 2 female) underwent hot-water immersion (30-min waist-level immersion in 42.1 ± 0.6°C water). Before, during, and following immersion, brachial and popliteal artery diameter, blood flow, and shear stress were assessed using duplex ultrasound. Lower-limb perfusion was measured also using venous occlusion plethysmography and near-infrared spectroscopy. During immersion, shear rate increased ( P < 0.0001) comparably between groups in the popliteal artery (controls: +183 ± 26%; PAD: +258 ± 54%) and brachial artery (controls: +117 ± 24%; PAD: +107 ± 32%). Lower-limb blood flow increased significantly in both groups, as measured from duplex ultrasound (>200%), plethysmography (>100%), and spectroscopy, while central and peripheral pulse-wave velocity decreased in both groups. Mean arterial blood pressure was reduced by 22 ± 9 mmHg (main effect P < 0.0001, interaction P = 0.60) during immersion, and remained 7 ± 7 mmHg lower 3 h afterward. In PAD, popliteal shear profiles and claudication both compared favorably with those measured immediately following symptom-limited walking. A 30-min hot-water immersion is a practical means of delivering heat therapy to PAD patients and healthy, elderly individuals to induce appreciable systemic (chronotropic and blood pressure lowering) and hemodynamic (upper and lower-limb perfusion and shear rate increases) responses.

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