Factors Influencing Damage by the Portuguese Millipede, Ommatoiulus moreleti (Julida: Julidae), to Crop Seedlings

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (6) ◽  
pp. 2695-2702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josh Douglas ◽  
Ary Hoffmann ◽  
Paul Umina ◽  
Sarina Macfadyen
Keyword(s):  
Life Stage ◽  
Lupinus Albus ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Similar Amount ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Field Situation ◽  
Alternate Food ◽  
Cultivated Species ◽  
Different Levels

AbstractIn different parts of the world, the increasing agricultural practice of retaining crop stubble in fields across seasons has led to population increases of soil-dwelling arthropods, primarily detritivorous species. These species typically play a beneficial role in the ecosystem, but some, including the Portuguese millipede (Ommatoiulus moreleti (Lucas)) can be sporadic pests. To assist in better understanding of pest risk, this study examines why O. moreleti feeds on crop seedlings. For lupin, seedling susceptibility appears to be related to plant properties, with greatly different levels of damage caused to the two cultivated species (Lupinus angustinus and Lupinus albus) and particularly between cultivated and wild-type L. angustinus seedlings. Millipedes feeding on lupin (cultivated L. angustinus), but not lucerne (Medicago sativa), gained a similar amount of weight to those feeding on other foods known to be readily consumed. The life-stage and sex of O. moreleti was found to be related to seedling damage. The presence of crop stubbles (as alternate food sources) did not limit the damage O. moreleti caused to lupin, suggesting that the presence of stubble in a field situation may not preclude feeding on crop seedlings. We discuss how results from these controlled environment trials can build a basis for understanding variable crop damage by O. moreleti in the field.

scholarly journals The lifecycle and epidemiology of Bactericera cockerelli on three traditional Maori food sources

2010 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. 275-275
Author(s):  
A.J. Puketapu
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Host Preference ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Bactericera Cockerelli ◽  
Plant Remains ◽  
Introduced Pest ◽  
Solanum Aviculare

The tomato/potato psyllid Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc) (Hemiptera Triozidae) is an introduced pest of solanaceous crops in New Zealand A range of established plants play host to Bactericera cockerelli including three traditional Maori food sources taewa or Maori potatoes (Solanum tuberosum ssp andigena) kumara (Ipomoea batatas) and poroporo (Solanum aviculare) Taewa and kumara are highly susceptible to summer B cockerelli infestation whilst poroporo an evergreen plant remains susceptible yearround and provides overwintering refuge Extensive monitoring of each host plant was carried out to determine the significance of each host in the lifecycle of B cockerelli in New Zealand Poroporo was monitored from late autumn for 6 months to determine if the plant served as a significant overwintering host for the pest after harvesting summer crops Taewa and kumara plants were monitored throughout the summer growing season on a weekly basis increasing to twice a week as populations proliferated Host plants were monitored both in the natural environment and under laboratory conditions Data collected contributed to tracking population development of B cockerelli on each host including the length of each life stage (ie egg nymph adult) Comparisons between the three hosts revealed host preference host suitability and the significance of each host in the lifecycle progression of B cockerelli

scholarly journals Effects of Life Stage, Site, and Species on the Dragonfly Gut Microbiome

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Nobles ◽  
Colin R. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Aquatic Habitats ◽  
Surrounding Environment ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Generation Sequencing ◽  
Bacterial 16S Rrna Gene

Insects that undergo metamorphosis from juveniles to adults provide an intriguing opportunity to examine the effects of life stage, species, and the environment on their gut microbiome. In this study, we surveyed the gut microbiomes of 13 species of dragonfly collected from five different locations subject to different levels of human impact. Juveniles were collected as nymphs from aquatic habitats while airborne adults were caught at the same locations. The gut microbiome was characterized by next generation sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Life stage was an important factor, with the gut microbiomes of dragonfly nymphs differing from those of adult dragonflies. Gut microbiomes of nymphs were influenced by sample site and, to a lesser extent, host species. Neither sample location nor host species had a strong effect on the gut microbiome of dragonfly adults. Regardless of life stage, gut microbiomes were dominated by members of the Proteobacteria, with members of the Bacteroidetes (especially in adults), Firmicutes, and Acidobacteria (especially in nymphs) also being proportionally abundant. These results demonstrate that different life stages of metamorphosing insects can harbor very different gut microbiomes and differ in how this microbiome is influenced by the surrounding environment.

scholarly journals Natural interploidy hybridization among the key taxa involved in the origin of horticultural chrysanthemums

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuai Qi ◽  
Alex D Twyford ◽  
Junyi Ding ◽  
James S Borrell ◽  
Yueping Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Barriers ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
Chloroplast Haplotype ◽  
Environmental Selection ◽  
Chrysanthemum Indicum ◽  
Genetic Clusters ◽  
Cultivated Species ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Different Levels

Understanding hybridization and introgression between natural plant populations can give important insights into the origins of cultivated species. Recent studies suggest differences in ploidy may not create such strong reproductive barriers as once thought, and thus studies into cultivated origins should examine all co-occurring taxa, including those with contrasting ploidy levels. Here, we characterized hybridization between Chrysanthemum indicum, Chrysanthemum vestitum and Chrysanthemum vestitum var. latifolium, the most important wild species involved in the origins of cultivated chrysanthemums. We analysed population structure of 317 Chrysanthemum accessions based on 13 microsatellite markers and sequenced chloroplast trnL-trnF for a subset of 103 Chrysanthemum accessions. We identified three distinct genetic clusters, corresponding to the three taxa. We detected 20 hybrids between species of different ploidy levels, of which 19 were between C. indicum (4x) and C. vestitum (6x) and one was between C. indicum and C. vestitum var. latifolium (6x). Fourteen hybrids between C. indicum and C. vestitum were from one of the five study sites. Chrysanthemum vestitum and C. vestitum var. latifolium share only one chloroplast haplotype. The substantially different number of hybrids between hybridizing species was likely due to different levels of reproductive isolation coupled with environmental selection against hybrids. In addition, human activities may play a role in the different patterns of hybridization among populations.

scholarly journals Behaviours indicating cannibalistic necrophagy in ants are modulated by the perception of pathogen infection level

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
István Maák ◽  
Eszter Tóth ◽  
Magdalena Lenda ◽  
Gábor Lőrinczi ◽  
Anett Kiss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Sources ◽  
Infection Level ◽  
Additional Food ◽  
Hygienic Behaviour ◽  
Formica Polyctena ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Experimental Laboratory ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Behavioural Adaptations

Abstract Cannibalistic necrophagy is rarely observed in social hymenopterans, although a lack of food could easily favour such behaviour. One of the main supposed reasons for the rarity of necrophagy is that eating of nestmate corpses carries the risk of rapid spread of pathogens or parasites. Here we present an experimental laboratory study on behaviour indicating consumption of nestmate corpses in the ant Formica polyctena. We examined whether starvation and the fungal infection level of the corpses affects the occurrence of cannibalistic necrophagy. Our results showed that the ants distinguished between corpses of different types and with different levels of infection risk, adjusting their behaviour accordingly. The frequency of behaviours indicating cannibalistic necrophagy increased during starvation, although these behaviours seem to be fairly common in F. polyctena even in the presence of other food sources. The occurrence and significance of cannibalistic necrophagy deserve further research because, in addition to providing additional food, it may be part of the hygienic behaviour repertoire. The ability to detect infections and handle pathogens are important behavioural adaptations for social insects, crucial for the fitness of both individual workers and the entire colony.

scholarly journals Decomposition of food waste from protein and carbohydrate sources by black soldier fly larvae, Hermetia illucens L.

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (3(SI)) ◽  
pp. 756-761
Author(s):  
N.A.A. Jalil ◽  
◽  
S.H. Abdullah ◽  
I.K. Ahmad ◽  
N.E.A. Basri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Waste ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Protein Food ◽  
Carbohydrate Source ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Black Soldier Fly Larvae ◽  
Fly Larvae ◽  
Food Residues

Aim: To determine the variability of black soldier fly larvae treatment in comparison to different sources of substrates with an emphasis on protein and carbohydrate with regards to black soldier fly larvae growth and the physico-chemical characteristics of the final compost. Methodology: The study comprised of an experimental setup, sample preparation of synthetic food waste (protein and carbohydrate source), physico-chemical and nutrients laboratory test and analysis of data. Results: The results showed that larvae that compost protein food sources are likely to be bigger than larvae that compost carbohydrate food sources. From the laboratory results, the amount of potassium, phosphorus, magnesium and C/N ratio content of protein source compost were 266.1 µg g-1, 204.3 µg g-1, 28.6 µg g-1 and 0.51 µg g-1 respectively. Whereas, the physico-chemical results for the carbohydrate source compost were 55.1 µg g-1, 20.5 µg g-1, 2.3 µg g-1 and 3.33 µg g-1 respectively. Interpretation: Black soldier fly larvae prefer to accumulate protein food residues rather than carbohydrate food residues, thus emphasizing that protein content is vital for their growth. The increase in potassium, phosphorus and magnesium for black soldier fly larvae yield compost can potentially produce organic solid fertilizer for farming and agricultural industries. The unfavourable nutrients from food waste is considered to be a significant factor that can affect the development, production and efficiency of life stage of composting black soldier fly larvae.

scholarly journals Desenvolvimento inicial de plantas de trigo em resposta à associação com bactérias diazotróficas e níveis de irrigação por solução ácida

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. e558996599
Author(s):  
Vandeir Franscisco Guimarães ◽  
Leandro Rampim ◽  
Renan Felipe Bellé ◽  
Lucas Guilherme Bulegon ◽  
Vanessa de Oliveira Faria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Root Volume ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Use Of Technology ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Cultivated Species ◽  
Different Levels

The cultivated species have ideal soil pH for absorption of nutrients and proper development, it is necessary to know the performance of nitrogen-fixing bacteria and promoting plant growth (PGPBs) at different levels of acidity, in order to increase the results to elevate crop yields with the use of technology inoculation of seeds of gramineous. Thereby, the present study aimed to determine the initial development of wheat seedlings subjected to inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and Herbaspirillum seropedicae at different levels of acidity irrigating solution in autoclaved sand substrate. Adopted the randomized block design (RBD) in a 3x4 factorial design with three levels of acidity of the solution (pH 4.5, 5.5 and 6.5) and the second factor [without inoculation, seeds inoculated at the time of seeding with A. brasilense (AbV5), H. seropedicae (SmR1) and association of the two strains AbV5+ SmR1. Increased root length was detected at pH 4.5 compared to pH 5.5 and 6.5 regardless or not with A. brasilense and H. seropedicae. Inoculation with A. brasilense promotes greater diameter collect, regardless of the pH and increase in root volume to pH 6.5 alone or associated with H. seropedicae.

scholarly journals Micronutrient Availability in Alternative Foods During Agricultural Catastrophes

Agriculture ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 169 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Denkenberger ◽  
Joshua Pearce
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Food ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Nuclear War ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Us ◽  
Alternate Food ◽  
Daily Allowance ◽  
Nuclear Winter ◽  
Micronutrient Availability

Several catastrophes could block the sun, including asteroid/comet impact, super volcanic eruption, and nuclear war with the burning of cities (nuclear winter). Previous work has analyzed alternate food supplies (e.g., mushrooms growing on dead trees, bacteria growing on natural gas). This was shown to be technically capable of feeding everyone with macronutrients (protein, carbohydrates, and lipids) and minerals, although economics and politics remain uncertain. The present work analyzes vitamin availability in such alternative food scenarios. The vitamin content of various alternate foods is compared to the US recommended daily allowance (RDA) as well as the average requirement defined by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and insufficiencies of single food sources are discussed. Single alternate food sources are always deficient in some vitamins, and the problems associated with this are discussed. To prevent disease in an alternative food scenario a wide range of foods must be consumed, or the diet must be supplemented. Backup plans discussed include chemical synthesis of vitamins, plants grown with artificial light and growing bacteria rich in certain vitamins. Finally, insights from this analysis are provided for combating existing micronutritional deficiencies using alternative foods today.

Effect of molassed sugar beet feed either ensiled or fed separately with big bale grass silage on silage quality and performance of male castrate sheep

1991 ◽  
Vol 1991 ◽  
pp. 86-86
Author(s):  
Y Rouzbehan ◽  
H Galbraith ◽  
J H Topps ◽  
J R Weddell ◽  
D R Fenlon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Similar Amount ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Silage Fermentation ◽  
Ruminant Animals ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Considerable Loss

There is an increasing interest in the production of grass silage in big bales. As with the making of silage in clamps, there is scope for considerable loss of effluent which results in a reduction in nutritive value of silage in addition to possible effects on environmental pollution.Molassed sugar beet feed (MSBF) has been used as an absorbent in the production of clamp silage. Additional benefits may accrue from an improved silage fermentation as a consequence of the presence of readily fermentable carbohydrate in molasses contained in MSBF. In turn, an improvement in fermentation may lead to better intake and utilization of the silage by ruminant animals.This project was carried out to assess the effect of inclusion of MSBF, at two different levels, with grass at ensiling on the nutritive value of big-bale silage and on animal performance. The results on animal performance were compared with those obtained from offering a similar amount of MSBF pellets as a supplement to silage given alone.

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