scholarly journals Mortality Rate of House Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) Exposed to Insecticidal Granular Fly Baits Containing Indoxacarb, Dinotefuran, or Cyantraniliprole

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (5) ◽  
pp. 2474-2481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Levi K Zahn ◽  
David L Cox ◽  
Alec C Gerry
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Management Program ◽  
House Fly ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Similar Amount ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
High Application

Abstract The mortality rate of a field population of house fly (Musca domestica L.) was determined for a granular fly bait containing the active ingredient indoxacarb, which was compared to two commercially available granular fly baits containing either dinotefuran or cyantraniliprole. Indoxacarb was applied at three different application rates 0.498, 0.986, and 1.972 g/m2 (low, medium, and high). Time to 50% mortality was fastest for dinotefuran (5.7 h) and slowest for the low application rate of indoxacarb (10.3 h). Time to 90% mortality was fastest for the high application rate of indoxacarb (27.7 h) and slowest for dinotefuran (51.0 h) and cyantraniliprole (45.9 h). Among the three indoxacarb application rates, the high rate reached both 50 and 90% fly mortality significantly faster than the low rate. The medium rate did not significantly differ from either the high or low application rates. Dinotefuran bait produced greater fly mortality than all other treatments at 30-min post-exposure, with mortality for remaining baits exceeding controls by 3- to 6-h post-exposure. All insecticidal baits produced similar fly mortality by 6-h post-exposure and >94% fly mortality by 96-h post-exposure, indicating that each may be effective in a fly management program. Flies consumed a similar amount of the indoxacarb (regardless of application rate) and dinotefuran baits, but consumed less of the cyantraniliprole bait, suggesting a feeding irritancy or toxicity effect manifested during consumption. Nevertheless, flies consumed enough cyantraniliprole bait to cause mortality similar to other baits by 6-h post-exposure.

Limited impacts of truck-based ultra-low-volume applications of mosquito adulticides on mortality in honey bees (Apis mellifera)

2017 ◽  
Vol 107 (6) ◽  
pp. 724-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.D. Rinkevich ◽  
J.W. Margotta ◽  
V. Pokhrel ◽  
T.W. Walker ◽  
R.H. Vaeth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Honey Bee ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Mosquito Mortality ◽  
Low Volume ◽  
High Label ◽  
Low Rate

AbstractAdulticides applied against mosquitoes can reduce vector populations during times of high arbovirus transmission. However, impacts of these insecticides on pollinators and other non-target organisms are of concern to mosquito control professionals, beekeepers and others. We evaluated mortality of Culex quinquefasciatus and Apis mellifera when caged insects were exposed to low and high label rates of four common adulticides (Aqua-Pursuit™ [permethrin], Duet® [prallethrin + sumithrin], Fyfanon® [malathion] and Scourge® [resmethrin]) at six distances up to 91.4 m from a truck-mounted ultra-low-volume sprayer. Honey bee mortality was both absolutely low (<10%) and low relative to mosquito mortality for most products, distances, and application rates. Exceptions were at the high rate of Fyfanon (honey bee mortality of 22–100% at distances ≤61 m) and the low rate of Scourge (mortality <10% for both insects). The greatest ratios of mosquito-to-honey bee mortality were found for the low rate of Fyfanon (30× greater) and the high rate of Duet (50× greater). Aqua-Pursuit and Fyfanon tended to increase mortality of both species at closer distances and at higher application rate; this was related to increased number and size of spray droplets. Wind speed and temperature had inconsistent effects on mortality of mosquitoes only. In this bioassay designed to have insects directly intercept insecticide droplets, mosquito adulticides applied at low rates and at >61 m had limited impacts on honey bee mortality while providing effective mosquito control.

Stem incorporation of gibberellins to promote sexual development of white spruce, Norway spruce, and jack pine

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.H. Fogal ◽  
G. Jobin ◽  
H.O. Schooley ◽  
S.J. Coleman ◽  
M.S. Wolynetz
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Low Rate ◽  
High Application

Stem incorporation of gibberellins (GA4/7 60:40) by injecting a liquid formulation or implanting a solid formulation was evaluated for promoting sexual reproductive development and for effects on vegetative development and foliage chlorosis in seedling and grafted white spruce, Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss; seedling Norway spruce, Piceaabies (L.) Karst.; and jack pine, Pinusbanksiana Lamb., seed trees. Spruces were treated with a single application of 0.76 or 1.53 mg GA4/7 per square centimetre of stem cross-sectional area at breast height during the late stage of shoot elongation (June 9 for white spruce and June 19 and 20 for Norway spruce). Jack pine was treated with a single early (July 5) or late (August 15) application of 1.53 mg GA4/7/cm2 or a split early–late application of 0.76 mg GA4/7/cm2. Results were evaluated in the subsequent season (i) by counting seed and pollen strobili, developing vegetative shoots, latent vegetative buds, and dead buds and (ii) by assessing foliage chlorosis and mortality. The numbers of seed strobili were increased by injections of GA4/7 at low and high application rates on seedling white spruce and Norway spruce and by the high application rate on grafted white spruce; implants were effective on seedling white and Norway spruce at the high application rate. In jack pine, the number of seed strobili was not increased by GA4/7. The numbers of pollen strobili were not significantly increased by GA4/7 treatments to white spruce or Norway spruce but were increased on jack pine by a single early injection at the high rate and split injections at the low rate. The number of developing vegetative shoots was reduced by GA4/7 injections at both rates on white spruce grafted trees and Norway spruce; the implants reduced them only on the grafted white spruce given the low rate. For the spruces, treatments with GA4/7 did not influence bud mortality. Foliage chlorosis and mortality, evident on jack pine but not on white or Norway spruce trees, was more severe with injections than with implants.

Review of Methods to Monitor House Fly (Musca domestica) Abundance and Activity

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (6) ◽  
pp. 2571-2580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alec C Gerry
Keyword(s):  
Management Program ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Urban Waste ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Action Threshold ◽  
Routine Monitoring ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Over Time

Abstract The house fly is a ubiquitous pest commonly associated with animal facilities and urban waste. When present in large numbers, house flies can negatively impact humans and animals through nuisance and the transmission of pathogens. Since the development of fly traps and sticky papers to capture flies in the late 1800s, these and other methods have been used as a means to monitor change in house fly density or fly activity over time. Methods include substrate sampling to record density of immature flies, visual observations of adult fly activity, instantaneous counts of landing or resting flies, accumulation of adult flies on/in traps, or accumulation of fly fecal and regurgitation spots deposited by flies onto white cards. These methods do not estimate true house fly density, but rather provide an index of house fly activity that is related to both fly density and the frequency of individual fly behavior (e.g., frequency of flight, landing events) and which is likely more predictive of negative impacts such as nuisance and pathogen transmission. Routine monitoring of house fly activity is a critical component of a house fly management program. Fly activity should be held to a level below a predetermined activity threshold ('action threshold') above which negative impacts are anticipated to occur. This article is a review of methods utilized for monitoring house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) activity.

scholarly journals Hydrochar did not reduce rice paddy NH3 volatilization compared to pyrochar in a soil column experiment

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyu Liu ◽  
Yueqin Cheng ◽  
Yang Liu ◽  
Danyan Chen ◽  
Yin Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ph Value ◽  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Column Experiment ◽  
Rice Paddy ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Soil Column Experiment ◽  
Set Up

Abstract Pyrochar (PC) is always with high pH value, and improper application might increase rice paddy ammonia volatilization (PAV), which is the main nitrogen loss through air during rice production. Differently, hydrochar (HC) takes the advantages of high productive rate and always with lower pH value compared with PC. However, effect pattern and mechanism of HC on PAV are still unclear. In the present study, soil column experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of PC and HC application on PAV. In total, treatments with four types of biochar (WPC, SPC, WHC and SHC, i.e., PC and HC prepared with wheat straw and sawdust, respectively) and two application rates (0.5% and 1.5%, w/w) were set up and non-biochar application was used as control. Results showed that, application of HC with low pH value could not reduce PAV compared with PC. Total PAV increased significantly as the increase of HC application rate (especially for WHC). The increment of PAV under high rate HC application might be due to the strong buffer capacity of soil, the aging of biochar, the high nitrogen from HC. The results indicated that HC should be pretreatment before utilization in agricultural environment considering PAV reduction.

scholarly journals Flower Mimics Roll Out Multicolored Carpets to Lure and Kill the House Fly

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1097
Author(s):  
Hamady Dieng ◽  
Tomomitsu Satho ◽  
Nor Hafisa Syafina Binti Mohd Radzi ◽  
Fatimah Abang ◽  
Nur Faeza A. Kassim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
House Fly ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Environment Exposure ◽  
Application Techniques ◽  
Pollinating Insects ◽  
Fly Control

Flowers and their spatial clustering are important parameters that mediate the foraging behavior and visitation rate of pollinating insects. Visual stimuli are crucial for triggering behavioral changes in the house fly, Musca domestica, which regularly visits plants for feeding and reproduction. The success of bait technology, which is the principal means of combatting flies, is adversely affected by reduced attractiveness and ineffective application techniques. Despite evidence that house flies have color vision capacity, respond to flowers, and exhibit color and pattern preference, the potential of artificial flowers as attractive factors has not been explored. The present study was performed to investigate whether artificial floral designs can lure and kill house flies. Starved wild house flies were presented with equal opportunities to acquire sugar meals, to which boric acid had been added as a toxin, from one flower arrangement (blue-dominated design, BDD; yellow-dominated design, YDD; or pink-dominated design, PDD), and a non-toxic white design (WDD). We also allowed house flies to forage within an enclosure containing two non-toxic floral designs (WDDs). The differences in mortality between the two environments with and without toxicant were examined. The survival rate of Musca domestica was extremely high when WDDs containing non-toxic sugar sources were the only feeding sites available. When given an option to forage in an environment containing a BDD and a WDD, house flies showed a high mortality rate (76%) compared to their counterparts maintained in the WDD environment (2%). When kept in an enclosure containing one YDD and a WDD, flies showed a mortality rate of 88%; however, no mortality occurred among flies confined to a compound with a WDD pair. When provided an even chance of foraging in an enclosure containing a mixed pair of floral arrangements (PDD and WDD) and another with two WDDs, flies showed a higher mortality rate (78%) in the first environment. However, the maximum survival rate (100%) was seen in the WDD environment. Exposure to YDD tended to result in a greater mortality rate than with the two other floral designs. Mortality gradually increased with time among flies exposed to tested artificial floral designs. The results presented here clearly indicated that artificial flower arrangements with a toxic sugar reward were strikingly attractive for house flies when their preferred color (white) was present. These observations offer novel possibilities for future development of flower mimic-based house fly control.

scholarly journals Mechanical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 by house flies

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Velmurugan Balaraman ◽  
Barbara S. Drolet ◽  
Dana N. Mitzel ◽  
William C. Wilson ◽  
Jeana Owens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Infectious Virus ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Mechanical Transmission ◽  
Live Virus ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a recently emerged coronavirus that is the causative agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. COVID-19 in humans is characterized by a wide range of symptoms that range from asymptomatic to mild or severe illness including death. SARS-CoV-2 is highly contagious and is transmitted via the oral–nasal route through droplets and aerosols, or through contact with contaminated fomites. House flies are known to transmit bacterial, parasitic and viral diseases to humans and animals as mechanical vectors. Previous studies have shown that house flies can mechanically transmit coronaviruses, such as turkey coronavirus; however, the house fly’s role in SARS-CoV-2 transmission has not yet been explored. The goal of this work was to investigate the potential of house flies to mechanically transmit SARS-CoV-2. For this purpose, it was determined whether house flies can acquire SARS-CoV-2, harbor live virus and mechanically transmit the virus to naive substrates and surfaces. Methods Two independent studies were performed to address the study objectives. In the first study, house flies were tested for infectivity after exposure to SARS-CoV-2-spiked medium or milk. In the second study, environmental samples were tested for infectivity after contact with SARS-CoV-2-exposed flies. During both studies, samples were collected at various time points post-exposure and evaluated by SARS-CoV-2-specific RT-qPCR and virus isolation. Results All flies exposed to SARS-CoV-2-spiked media or milk substrates were positive for viral RNA at 4 h and 24 h post-exposure. Infectious virus was isolated only from the flies exposed to virus-spiked milk but not from those exposed to virus-spiked medium. Moreover, viral RNA was detected in environmental samples after contact with SARS-CoV-2 exposed flies, although no infectious virus was recovered from these samples. Conclusions Under laboratory conditions, house flies acquired and harbored infectious SARS-CoV-2 for up to 24 h post-exposure. In addition, house flies were able to mechanically transmit SARS-CoV-2 genomic RNA to the surrounding environment up to 24 h post-exposure. Further studies are warranted to determine if house fly transmission occurs naturally and the potential public health implications of such events.

scholarly journals Effect of different soil and weather conditions on efficacy, selectivity and dissipation of herbicides in sunflower

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 468-476
Author(s):  
Miroslav Jursík ◽  
Martin Kočárek ◽  
Michaela Kolářová ◽  
Lukáš Tichý
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Vertical Transport ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
High Precipitation

Six sunflower herbicides were tested at two application rates (1N and 2N) on three locations (with different soil types) within three years (2015–2017). Efficacy of the tested herbicides on Chenopodium album increased with an increasing cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soil. Efficacy of pendimethalin was 95%, flurochloridone and aclonifen 94%, dimethenamid-P 72%, pethoxamid 49% and S-metolachlor 47%. All tested herbicides injured sunflower on sandy soil (Regosol) which had the lowest CEC, especially in wet conditions (phytotoxicity 27% after 1N application rate). The highest phytotoxicity was recorded after the application of dimethenamid-P (19% at 1N and 45% at 2N application rate). Main symptoms of phytotoxicity were leaf deformations and necroses and the damage of growing tips, which led to destruction of some plants. Aclonifen, pethoxamid and S-metolachlor at 1N did not injure sunflower on the soil with the highest CEC (Chernozem) in any of the experimental years. Persistence of tested herbicides was significantly longer in Fluvisol (medium CEC) compared to Regosol and Chernozem. Dimethenamid-P showed the shortest persistence in Regosol and Chernozem. The majority of herbicides was detected in the soil layer 0–5 cm in all tested soils. Vertical transport of herbicides in soil was affected by the herbicide used, soil type and weather conditions. The highest vertical transport was recorded for dimethenamid-P and pethoxamid (4, resp. 6% of applied rate) in Regosol in the growing season with high precipitation.  

scholarly journals Effects of two wood-based biochars on the fate of added fertilizer nitrogen—a 15N tracing study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subin Kalu ◽  
Gboyega Nathaniel Oyekoya ◽  
Per Ambus ◽  
Priit Tammeorg ◽  
Asko Simojoki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Uptake ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Organic N ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Total N ◽  
Application Rates

AbstractA 15N tracing pot experiment was conducted using two types of wood-based biochars: a regular biochar and a Kon-Tiki-produced nutrient-enriched biochar, at two application rates (1% and 5% (w/w)), in addition to a fertilizer only and a control treatment. Ryegrass was sown in pots, all of which except controls received 15N-labelled fertilizer as either 15NH4NO3 or NH415NO3. We quantified the effect of biochar application on soil N2O emissions, as well as the fate of fertilizer-derived ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3−) in terms of their leaching from the soil, uptake into plant biomass, and recovery in the soil. We found that application of biochars reduced soil mineral N leaching and N2O emissions. Similarly, the higher biochar application rate of 5% significantly increased aboveground ryegrass biomass yield. However, no differences in N2O emissions and ryegrass biomass yields were observed between regular and nutrient-enriched biochar treatments, although mineral N leaching tended to be lower in the nutrient-enriched biochar treatment than in the regular biochar treatment. The 15N analysis revealed that biochar application increased the plant uptake of added nitrate, but reduced the plant uptake of added ammonium compared to the fertilizer only treatment. Thus, the uptake of total N derived from added NH4NO3 fertilizer was not affected by the biochar addition, and cannot explain the increase in plant biomass in biochar treatments. Instead, the increased plant biomass at the higher biochar application rate was attributed to the enhanced uptake of N derived from soil. This suggests that the interactions between biochar and native soil organic N may be important determinants of the availability of soil N to plant growth.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Regional-Scale Optimal K Rate Based on Sustainable Apple Yield and High-Efficiency K Use in Loess Plateau and Bohai Bay of China: A Meta-Analysis

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1368
Author(s):  
Wenzheng Tang ◽  
Wene Wang ◽  
Dianyu Chen ◽  
Ningbo Cui ◽  
Haosheng Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Loess Plateau ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Bohai Bay ◽  
The Loess Plateau ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Relationship Model

In order to meet the growing food demand of the global population and maintain sustainable soil fertility, there is an urgent need to optimize fertilizer application amount in agricultural production practices. Most of the existing studies on the optimal K rates for apple orchards were based on case studies and lack information on optimizing K-fertilizer management on a regional scale. Here, we used the method of combining meta-analysis with the K application rate-yield relationship model to quantify and summarize the optimal K rates of the Loess Plateau and Bohai Bay regions in China. We built a dataset based on 159 observations obtained from 18 peer-reviewed literature studies distributed in 15 different research sites and evaluated the regional-scale optimal K rates for apple production. The results showed that the linear plus platform model was more suitable for estimating the regional-scale optimal K rates, which were 208.33 and 176.61 kg K ha−1 for the Loess Plateau and Bohai Bay regions of China, respectively. Compared with high K application rates, the optimal K rates increased K use efficiency by 45.88–68.57%, with almost no yield losses. The optimal K rates also enhanced the yield by 6.30% compared with the low K application rates.

scholarly journals Yield, germination and herbicide residue in seeds of preharvest desiccated wheat

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 304-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lais Tessari Perboni ◽  
Dirceu Agostinetto ◽  
Leandro Vargas ◽  
Joanei Cechin ◽  
Renan Ricardo Zandoná ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Application Time ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Herbicide Residue ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Weight Yield ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Dough Stage ◽  
Wheat Seeds

Abstract: The goals of this study were to evaluate herbicide application rates at different timings for preharvest desiccation of wheat (Trial 1), as well as to evaluate the effect of the timing of herbicide desiccation at preharvest and harvest timing (Trial 2) on yield, germination, and herbicide residue in wheat seed. In Trial 1, treatments consisted of two application rates of glufosinate, glyphosate, paraquat, or paraquat+diuron and a control without application; application time periods were in the milk grain to early dough stage, soft dough to hard dough stage, and hard dough stage. In Trial 2, treatments consisted of different application time periods (milk grain to early dough stage, and soft dough to hard dough stage), different herbicides (glufosinate, 2,4-D+glyphosate, and untreated control), and different harvest times (5, 10 and 15 days after herbicide application). One thousand seeds weight, yield, first and final germination count, and herbicide residue on seeds were evaluated. Preharvest desiccation with paraquat, glufosinate, and 2,4-D+glyphosate at the milk grain to early dough stage reduces wheat yield. Regardless of the herbicide and application rate, application in the milk grain to early dough stage and soft dough to hard dough stage provides greater germination of wheat seeds, except at the lower dose of paraquat. Systemic herbicides accumulate more in wheat seeds.

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