scholarly journals Activities of Digestive Enzymes in the Omnivorous Pest Apolygus lucorum (Hemiptera: Miridae)

2016 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenjing Li ◽  
Xincheng Zhao ◽  
Wei Yuan ◽  
Kongming Wu
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Digestive Enzymes ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Amylase Activity ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Bt Cotton ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Apolygus Lucorum ◽  
Mirid Bug

The mirid bug Apolygus lucorum Meyer-Dür, 1843, an omnivorous species that feeds on plants and animals, has become a major pest in China as production of Bt-cotton has grown to such a large scale. Its omnivory is likely to be critical for its success, but the digestive mechanism(s) underlying processing and adsorption of such diverse foods is relatively unknown. Here, we examined the activities of digestive enzymes of A. lucorum in the salivary gland complex and midgut and the effect of sex, age, and food source on these activities. Amylase and protease were present in the salivary gland complex and the midgut, but were higher in the salivary gland complex. Trypsin-like enzyme was also present in both organs, but chymotrypsin-like enzyme was present only in the midgut. Sex, age, and food source affected the activities of these digestive enzymes. In general, the activities of these enzymes peaked at 10 d after emergence, and amylase and protease activities were higher in female adults than in males. Of the food sources tested, green bean pods (Gb) induced the highest amylase activity, whereas Helicoverpa armigera Hübner, 1809 eggs (He) and a mixture of Gb and He induced higher activities of the trypsin-like and chymotrypsin-like enzymes. The results from food switching experiments confirmed that amylase activity could be induced by plant sources, and animal sources induced protease activity. Thus, the types and activities of digestive enzymes in A. lucorum provide the physiological basis of the pest’s omnivory.

scholarly journals The mirid bug Apolygus lucorum deploys a glutathione peroxidase as a candidate effector to enhance plant susceptibility

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (9) ◽  
pp. 2701-2712
Author(s):  
Yumei Dong ◽  
Maofeng Jing ◽  
Danyu Shen ◽  
Chenyang Wang ◽  
Meiqian Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Mechanism Analysis ◽  
Apolygus Lucorum ◽  
Mirid Bug ◽  
Plant Susceptibility

Abstract The mirid bug Apolygus lucorum has become a major agricultural pest since the large-scale cultivation of Bt-cotton. It was assumed that A. lucorum, similarly to other phloem sap insects, could secrete saliva that contains effector proteins into plant interfaces to perturb host cellular processes during feeding. However, the secreted effectors of A. lucorum are still uncharacterized and unstudied. In this study, 1878 putative secreted proteins were identified from the transcriptome of A. lucorum, which either had homology with published aphid effectors or shared common features with plant pathogens and insect effectors. One hundred and seventy-two candidate effectors were used for cell death-inducing/suppressing assays, and a putative salivary gland effector, Apolygus lucorum cell death inhibitor 6 (Al6), was characterized. The mRNAs of Al6 were enriched at feeding stages (nymph and adult) and, in particular, in salivary glands. Moreover, we revealed that the secreted Al6 encoded an active glutathione peroxidase that reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation induced by INF1 or Flg22. Expression of the Al6 gene in planta altered insect feeding behavior and promoted plant pathogen infections. Inhibition of cell death and enhanced plant susceptibility to insect and pathogens are dependent on glutathione peroxidase activity of Al6. Thus, this study shows that a candidate salivary gland effector, Al6, functions as a glutathione peroxidase and suppresses ROS induced by pathogen-associated molecular pattern to inhibit pattern-triggered immunity (PTI)-induced cell death. The identification and molecular mechanism analysis of the Al6 candidate effector in A. lucorum will provide new insight into the molecular mechanisms of insect–plant interactions.

Transgenic insect-resistant Bt cotton expressing Cry1Ac/CpTI does not affect the mirid bug Apolygus lucorum

2020 ◽  
Vol 264 ◽  
pp. 114762
Author(s):  
Lin Niu ◽  
Fang Liu ◽  
Shuai Zhang ◽  
Junyu Luo ◽  
Lijuan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bt Cotton ◽  
Apolygus Lucorum ◽  
Mirid Bug ◽  
Insect Resistant

What Has Direct Cortical and Subcortical Electrostimulation Taught Us about Neurolinguistics?

2019 ◽  
pp. 185-211
Author(s):  
Hugues Duffau
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Great Accuracy ◽  
Subcortical White Matter ◽  
Cerebral Lesions ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Postoperative Mri ◽  
The Brain

Investigating the neural and physiological basis of language is one of the most important challenges in neurosciences. Direct electrical stimulation (DES), usually performed in awake patients during surgery for cerebral lesions, is a reliable tool for detecting both cortical and subcortical (white matter and deep grey nuclei) regions crucial for cognitive functions, especially language. DES transiently interacts locally with a small cortical or axonal site, but also nonlocally, as the focal perturbation will disrupt the entire subnetwork sustaining a given function. Thus, in contrast to functional neuroimaging, DES represents a unique opportunity to identify with great accuracy and reproducibility, in vivo in humans, the structures that are actually indispensable to the function, by inducing a transient virtual lesion based on the inhibition of a subcircuit lasting a few seconds. Currently, this is the sole technique that is able to directly investigate the functional role of white matter tracts in humans. Thus, combining transient disturbances elicited by DES with the anatomical data provided by pre- and postoperative MRI enables to achieve reliable anatomo-functional correlations, supporting a network organization of the brain, and leading to the reappraisal of models of language representation. Finally, combining serial peri-operative functional neuroimaging and online intraoperative DES allows the study of mechanisms underlying neuroplasticity. This chapter critically reviews the basic principles of DES, its advantages and limitations, and what DES can reveal about the neural foundations of language, that is, the large-scale distribution of language areas in the brain, their connectivity, and their ability to reorganize.

scholarly journals A Case Report and Genetic Characterization of a Massive Acinic Cell Carcinoma of the Parotid with Delayed Distant Metastases

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony C. Nichols ◽  
Michelle Chan-Seng-Yue ◽  
John Yoo ◽  
Sumit K. Agrawal ◽  
Maud H. W. Starmans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cellular Proliferation ◽  
Genetic Characterization ◽  
Distant Metastases ◽  
Acinic Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Nonsynonymous Mutation ◽  
Acinic Cell

We describe the presentation, management, and clinical outcome of a massive acinic cell carcinoma of the parotid gland. The primary tumor and blood underwent exome sequencing which revealed deletions in CDKN2A as well as PPP1R13B, which induces p53. A damaging nonsynonymous mutation was noted in EP300, a histone acetylase which plays a role in cellular proliferation. This study provides the first insights into the genetic underpinnings of this cancer. Future large-scale efforts will be necessary to define the mutational landscape of salivary gland malignancies to identify therapeutic targets and biomarkers of treatment failure.

RED JUNGLE FOWL HAVE MORE CONTRAFREELOADING THAN WHITE LEGHORN LAYERS: EFFECT OF FOOD DEPRIVATION AND CONSEQUENCES FOR INFORMATION GAIN

Behaviour ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 139 (9) ◽  
pp. 1195-1209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Per Jensen ◽  
Karin Schütz ◽  
Christina Lindqvist
Keyword(s):  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Information Gain ◽  
High Gain ◽  
Alternative Food ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Production Environment ◽  
White Leghorn ◽  
Wood Shavings ◽  
Red Jungle Fowl

AbstractContrafreeloading (CFL), i.e. choosing food which requires work over free food, occurs at a higher rate in red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus) compared to White Leghorn layers. We examined whether this difference between breeds was altered by food deprivation and whether it affected the information gained about alternative food sources. In a first experiment, twenty birds of each breed were deprived for zero, three and six hours and then allowed a choice of feeding from freely available food or food mixed with wood shavings. In both breeds, CFL tended to decrease after deprivation, but jungle fowl consistently showed more CFL than Leghorns also after food deprivation. This shows that differences in CFL between breeds were not altered by food deprivation, and the larger CFL in jungle fowl may represent a genetically based difference in feeding strategy. In a second experiment, we examined whether the differences in CFL affected how the birds acquired information about alternative food sites of different quality. Twenty birds of each breed were allowed to forage during three 10 min sessions in a four armed maze, where symbols in each end of the arms indicated the location of four different quality food sources; 'high gain' (freely available food), 'medium gain' (70% food, 30% wood shavings), 'low gain' (30% food), and 'no gain' (100% wood shavings). Each bird was then tested in the same maze when the 'high gain' food source and its symbol had been removed, and the other three sources contained only the symbols and wood shavings. Jungle fowl chose the symbol indicating the best available food source significantly more often than the Leghorns. The results indicate that Leghorn gain less information during foraging, which may have consequences for their adaptation capacity in a production environment. This could either be a consequence of Leghorns showing less CFL, or a generally impaired learning capacity of Leghorns compared to jungle fowl.

scholarly journals The contribution of the Canary Island date palm (Phoenix canariensis) to the winter diet of frugivores in novel ecosystems

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk HR Spennemann
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Canary Island ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Date Palm ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Novel Ecosystems ◽  
Date Palms ◽  
Phoenix Canariensis ◽  
Winter Diet ◽  
Native Foods

Abstract With the increasing expansion in urban areas, many species have adapted to utilising horticulturally used plants as alternate or augmentary food sources, in particular, during winter – when native foods are largely absent. Ornamental palms, particularly Canary Island Date Palms, fruit continuously during most of the year and thus provide a stable food supply. Based on observational, metric and bio-chemical data, this paper examines the role Canary Island Date Palms can and do play in the nutrition of frugivorous animals, in particular, for birds. It demonstrates that with its nearly year-round provisioning of drupes, the palm plays a major role as a ‘staple’ and backup food source for several species.

scholarly journals LABORATE TEST FOR FE LEVELS IN KELAKAI BISCUITS

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-80
Author(s):  
Febby Siharina ◽  
Fitri Yuliana ◽  
Agustinus Hermino S. Putra
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Quantitative Test

As one of the causes of anemia, iron deficiency must be overcome immediately, one of which is by finding taste-friendly food sources that can be consumed easily by anyone who is prone to anemia. This research was conducted in laboratory to determine the levels of iron in Kelakai biscuits which are assumed to be a source of food to treat anemia in adolescent girls or pregnant women. Qualitative and quantitative test were used to obtain the desired results. Based on the research results, it was found that each Kelakai biscuit contained an Fe level of 245 mg/g, which means that the formulation of the Kelakai biscuit could meet the daily needs of iron when consumed 3-4 chips per day based on the absorption of Fe in adults. Therefore, to further prove the effectiveness of these biscuits in preventing anemia, studies involving samples, either small or large scale, are highly recommended.

scholarly journals MODIFIKASI BARU ALGORITMA KOLONI LEBAH BUATAN UNTUK MASALAH OPTIMASI GLOBAL

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Nursyiva Irsalinda ◽  
Sugiyarto Surono
Keyword(s):  
Food Source ◽  
Artificial Bee Colony ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Optimization Technique ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Abc Algorithm ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Bee Colony ◽  
Objective Function Values ◽  
Better Than

Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm is one of metaheuristic optimization technique based on population. This algorithm mimicking honey bee swarm to find the best food source. ABC algorithm consist of four phases: initialization phase, employed bee phase, onlooker bee phase and scout bee phase. This study modify the onlooker bee phase in selection process to find the neighborhood food source. Not all food sources obtained are randomly sought the neighborhood as in ABC algorithm. Food sources are selected by comparing their objective function values. The food sources that have value lower than average value in that iteration will be chosen by onlooker bee to get the better food source. In this study the modification of this algorithm is called New Modification of Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm (MB-ABC). MB-ABC was applied to 4 Benchmark functions. The results show that MB-ABC algorithm better than ABC algorithm

Digestive physiological characteristics of black soldier fly larvae reared on five organic wastes

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Q.X. Sun ◽  
X.C. Li ◽  
X.H. Tan ◽  
Y.W. Dong ◽  
C.H. You ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Digestive Enzyme ◽  
Organic Wastes ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Black Soldier Fly Larvae ◽  
Luminal Ph

Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) are able to utilise a broad range of organic wastes to fulfil their growth needs. To acquire this basic knowledge of its digestive adaptation to various food, five organic wastes (soybean meal [SBM], wheat bran [WB], beer yeast [BY], kitchen waste [KW] and chicken manure [CM]) were fed to 3-day-old BSFL for 16 days. The growth performance, luminal pH of the gut, midgut histology, digestive enzyme activity and intestinal bacterial microbiota of the larvae were assessed. Growth performance was greatest in the KW group followed by the SBM group and was worst in the CM group. Nutrient compositions of larvae were not significantly affected by those of the food sources, with the exception of crude ash. The ultrastructural observations of midgut showed the number of mitochondria in CM and BY groups was less than other three groups. Twenty-four hours after feeding, weakly acidic, acidic, strongly acidic, and alkaline luminal pH values were detected in the anterior, middle and posterior segments of the gut in all groups, but the luminal pH values of the hindgut varied with food source. Significant lipase and esterase activity, cellulase activity, and amylase activity were detected in the intestines of larvae reared on KW, WB and BY, respectively, revealing that digestive enzyme activity was closely associated with the nutrient composition of the food source. Bacterial composition and diversity differed significantly between groups and were characterised by specific indicator bacteria, which may play important roles in food digestibility. The results suggested that different food sources induced adaptive physical, chemical and biological changes in the digestive tracts of BSFL and may indicate that BSFL developed specific strategies for nutrient utilisation and accumulation. The knowledge acquired here will be beneficial for developing rearing protocols to optimise bioconversion in this insect for their various applications.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document