Management of Navel Orangeworm (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Using Four Commercial Mating Disruption Systems in California Almonds

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R Haviland ◽  
Jhalendra P Rijal ◽  
Stephanie M Rill ◽  
Bradley S Higbee ◽  
Charles S Burks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Mating Disruption ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Average Increase ◽  
Amyelois Transitella ◽  
Navel Orangeworm ◽  
Crop Quality ◽  
Break Even Point

Abstract The navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella (Walker), is the most significant pest of California almonds. Direct feeding on the kernel by the larvae causes reductions in salable crop, crop quality, and exportability. Pheromone mating disruption (MD) targeting navel orangeworm is a relatively new technique with the potential to improve management. In 2017, we used replicated ~16-ha plots to compare the efficacy of four commercial MD systems (CheckMate, Cidetrak, Isomate, and Semios) for their relative impacts on the number of navel orangeworm in monitoring traps and crop quality. From 2017 to 2018, we conducted nine direct comparison studies in 16 to 40 ha almond orchards to compare conventional pest management programs to programs incorporating pheromone MD systems. Across all studies, MD reduced male moth captures in pheromone traps by >94%. In the efficacy study, use of mating disruption led to 35% and 53% reductions in kernel damage in Nonpareil and pollinizer cultivars, respectively, and an average increase in crop value of $370 ha−1. In the direct comparison, kernel damage to Nonpareil and pollinizer cultivars was reduced by 65% and 78%, respectively, resulting in an average increase in crop value of $357 ha−1. Economic analyses showed that increases in crop returns exceeded the costs of implementing MD systems with the break-even point ranging from 0.86 to 1.06% of kernel damage. These results suggest that adding MD to an existing navel orangeworm management program is a cost-effective way to reduce damage while promoting sustainable pest management practices.

scholarly journals Traps and Attractants for Monitoring Navel Orangeworm (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in the Presence of Mating Disruption

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 1270-1278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles S Burks ◽  
Bradley S Higbee ◽  
John J Beck
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Mating Disruption ◽  
Amyelois Transitella ◽  
Trap Design ◽  
Navel Orangeworm ◽  
Tree Nuts ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae ◽  
Monitoring Traps

Abstract The use of aerosol mating disruption for management of the navel orangeworm Amyelois transitella (Walker) in California tree nuts has increased markedly. This treatment suppresses pheromone monitoring traps in neighboring orchards as well as in the orchard under treatment. The current study, therefore, addresses the interrelated topics of which attractant is most effective, how the number of adults captured is affected by trap design, and what sex is captured. Under most circumstances, wing traps baited with phenyl propionate (PPO) captured more adults than those baited with a 5-compound kairomone blend. Adding a pheromone lure along with the dispenser for the experimental attractant increased the number of adults captured with PPO both in and near-mating disruption. In contrast, addition of a pheromone lure along with the kairomone blend only increased the number of adults captured in orchards near but not under mating disruption. Delta traps, which are preferred by the industry, captured fewer adults than wing traps. Improvements in the number of adults captured with PPO in delta traps from addition of a pheromone lure and from design modifications were additive. Both sexes were captured by all attractants and trap designs tested, and the sex ratio was highly variable. Open traps like the wing trap captured a slightly higher proportion of males than closed traps. These findings are discussed in the context of management of the navel orangeworm.

scholarly journals Vulnerability of pest management in New Zealand apples pesticide toxicity to Aphelinus mali (Hymenoptera Encyrtidae)

2015 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 299-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.J. Rogers ◽  
P.L. Lo ◽  
J.T.S. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Mating Disruption ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Woolly Apple Aphid ◽  
Aphelinus Mali ◽  
Aphid Control ◽  
Pest Outbreaks ◽  
Integrated Fruit Production ◽  
Selective Insecticides

New pest management practices in New Zealands apple sector have provided ecological and economic outcomes that are recognised by growers and exporters Integrated Fruit Production (IFP) pest control systems that combine biological control selective insecticides and mating disruption have been developed to achieve these outcomes Although pest management in apple orchards is now more sustainable it is also highly vulnerable to pesticideinduced disruption The toxicity of four pesticides (spinetoram thiacloprid spinosad and spirotetramat) on the natural enemy of woolly apple aphid Aphelinus mali was examined While applications of spinetoram were the primary cause of aphid outbreaks in 200708 other insecticides can contribute to the instability of this biocontrol system The consequences of applying these disruptive pesticides to aphid control are discussed together with strategies to mitigate the vulnerability of the IFP programme to pest outbreaks

scholarly journals Soil Management in Irrigated Pecan Orchards in the Southwestern United States

1995 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Miyamoto ◽  
J. Benton Storey
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Southwestern United States ◽  
Water Penetration ◽  
Deep Roots ◽  
Poor Soil ◽  
Tree Performance

Irrigated pecans in the southwestern United States have been planted in every soil imaginable, and tree performance has become highly soil-dependent. Desperate attempts to deal with this poor soil selection has led to advancements in soil management, consisting primarily of physical measures, such as chiseling and trenching. Chemical amendments appear to have played a secondary or supplemental role. Meanwhile, soil structural degradation, mainly compaction and aggregate destruction, began to cause poor water penetration, die-back of deep roots, and resultant loss of tree vigor. These problems have been dealt with primarily by chiseling. In the future, spiking and sodded-floor management are likely to become increasingly important. Scientific examination of soil management practices has lagged, but has provided some rationale and targets for soil management. H should play an increasingly important role in refining these measures and in establishing a comprehensive soil management program in which the soil is viewed as a plant growth medium and an integral component of cost-effective orchard management.

DIFFICULTIES IMPLEMENTING A MODELLING-BASED INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM FOR ALFALFA

1988 ◽  
Vol 120 (S143) ◽  
pp. 47-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Fleming
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Integrated Pest Management ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
New York State ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Optimization Techniques ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Project Staff

AbstractA key element of a project designed for integrated pest management in alfalfa fields in New York State is a comprehensive simulation model. The model was developed as a guide for growers to determine when the costs of control measures against alfalfa weevil would be worthwhile. The model incorporates crop and insect submodels. Optimization techniques were used to identify the more cost effective of the possible management strategies. The project has been an unqualified success from a research standpoint but the results are not widely implemented by growers. In this respect, the project has suffered from institutional problems at the research level, lack of confidence and commitment in extension, and skepticism among growers. To rectify this situation, project staff recently adopted new approaches for implementing the program.

scholarly journals Individual and Additive Effects of Insecticide and Mating Disruption in Integrated Management of Navel Orangeworm in Almonds

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 188
Author(s):  
Bradley S. Higbee ◽  
Charles S. Burks
Keyword(s):  
Mating Disruption ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Economic Management ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Amyelois Transitella ◽  
Navel Orangeworm ◽  
Monitoring Tools ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Additional Monitoring

Damage from Amyelois transitella, a key pest of almonds in California, is managed by destruction of overwintering hosts, timely harvest, and insecticides. Mating disruption has been an increasingly frequent addition to these management tools. Efficacy of mating disruption for control of navel orangeworm damage has been demonstrated in experiments that included control plots not treated with either mating disruption or insecticide. However, the navel orangeworm flies much farther than many orchard pests, so large plots of an expensive crop are required for such research. A large almond orchard was subdivided into replicate blocks of 96 to 224 ha and used to compare harvest damage from navel orangeworm in almonds treated with both mating disruption and insecticide, or with either alone. Regression of navel orangeworm damage in researcher-collected harvest samples from the interior and center of management blocks on damage in huller samples found good correlation for both and supported previous assumptions that huller samples underreport navel orangeworm damage. Blocks treated with both mating disruption and insecticide had lower damage than those treated with either alone in 9 of the 10 years examined. Use of insecticide had a stronger impact than doubling the dispenser rate from 2.5 to 5 per ha, and long-term comparisons of relative navel orangeworm damage to earlier- and later-harvested varieties revealed greater variation than previously demonstrated. These findings are an economically important confirmation of trade-offs in economic management of this critical pest. Additional monitoring tools and research tactics will be necessary to fulfill the potential of mating disruption to reduce insecticide use for navel orangeworm.

scholarly journals Microbial-Based Double-Stranded RNA Production to Develop Cost-Effective RNA Interference Application for Insect Pest Management

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 117954331984032 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seung-Joon Ahn ◽  
Kelly Donahue ◽  
Youngho Koh ◽  
Robert R. Martin ◽  
Man-Yeon Choi
Keyword(s):  
Rna Interference ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Insect Pest Management ◽  
Double Stranded Rna ◽  
Phenol Extraction ◽  
Rnai Technology

RNA interference (RNAi) is a convenient tool to identify and characterize biological functions in organisms. Recently, it has become an alternative to chemical insecticides as a biologically based control agent. This promising technology has the potential to avoid many problems associated with conventional chemical insecticides. In order for RNAi application to be practical for field use, a major hurdle is the development of a cost-effective system of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) production for a large quantity of dsRNA. A handful of research reports has demonstrated microbial-based dsRNA production using L4440 vector and HT115 (DE3) Escherichia coli for application to vertebrate and invertebrate systems. However, the dsRNA yield, production efficiency, and biological purity from this in vitro system is still unclear. Thus, our study detailed biochemical and molecular tools for large-scale dsRNA production using the microbial system and investigated the production efficiency and yield of crude and purified dsRNAs. An unrelated insect gene, green fluorescent protein (GFP), and an insect neuropeptide gene, pyrokinin (PK) identified from Drosophila suzukii, were used to construct the recombinant L4440 to be expressed in the HT115 (DE3) cell. A considerable amount of dsRNA, 19.5 µg/mL of liquid culture, was isolated using ultrasonic disruption followed by phenol extraction. The sonication method was further evaluated to extract crude dsRNA without the additional phenol extraction and nuclease treatments and also to reduce potential bacterial viability. The results suggest that the ultrasonic method saved time and costs to isolate crude dsRNA directly from large volumes of cell culture without E coli contamination. We investigated whether the injection of PK dsRNA into flies resulted in increased adult mortality, but it was not statistically significant at 95% confidence level. In this study, the microbial-based dsRNA production has potential for applied RNAi technology to complement current insect pest management practices.

scholarly journals Effects of Grape Berry Moth Management Practices and Landscape on Arthropod Diversity in Grape Vineyards in the Southern United States

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joe R. Williamson ◽  
Donn T. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Mating Disruption ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Shannon Index ◽  
Grape Berry ◽  
Insect Pest Management ◽  
Arthropod Diversity ◽  
Spray Timing

Agricultural monocultures with intensive pest management practices reduce diversity and create instability in agricultural ecosystems, thereby increasing reliance upon pesticides. This study compares the influence of three insect pest management programs in vineyards on arthropod diversity as well as parasitism and control of grape berry moth (Endopiza viteana), the key pest of grapes (Vitis labrusca) in eastern North America. Vineyards in Bald Knob, Hindsville, Judsonia, Lowell, and Searcy, Ark., were managed with a range of intensity of insecticide use, a reduced insecticide program with Exosex-GBM dispensers for mating disruption, or no pesticide use in abandoned vineyards. Arthropod diversity and carabid (Carabidae) density in each vineyard was sampled with pitfall traps. Grape berry moth flight was monitored by pheromone traps. Grape berry moth–infested grapes were collected from the field and reared in the lab until parasites or moths emerged. There were significant differences in arthropod diversity between vineyard sites, with Shannon diversity index values generally higher in woods and managed vineyards with conventional sprays and/or mating disruption than in abandoned sites. Shannon index values for arthropod diversity were significantly lower at the vineyard edge in Searcy (recently abandoned), vineyard center and edge in Bald Knob (abandoned), and the vineyard edge in Hindsville (conventional sprays). In 2003, carabid density was significantly highest in the edge and center of the Hindsville vineyard (high insecticide usage) and the abandoned Bald Knob vineyard had significantly lowest carabid density. Apparently, insecticide sprays resulted in more food on the vineyard floor for carabids. The vineyard floor management was too variable among vineyards to deduce its effect on carabid density. With some exceptions, low-spray and no-spray vineyards generally showed greater diversity and parasitism of grape berry moth than high-spray vineyards. Parasitism was higher in some high-spray vineyards than in low-spray with mating disruption vineyards. Grape berry moth flight and berry damage were more dependent on spray timing than intensity. This study demonstrates that insect pest management programs impact arthropod diversity and parasitism. Further testing is needed to determine why parasitism of grape berry moth decreased in the vineyards using the mating disruption tactic.

scholarly journals Constraints on Developing an Integrated Pest Management Program for Citrus Leafminer (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in Florida Nurseries

1998 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 332-345
Author(s):  
Juan A. Villanueva-Jiménez ◽  
Marjorie A. Hoy
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Pest Management ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Phyllocnistis Citrella ◽  
Citrus Leafminer ◽  
Chemical Companies ◽  
Florida Citrus ◽  
Management Advice ◽  
Survey Responses

Florida citrus nursery growers were surveyed to learn about their citrus leafminer (Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton) (CLM) management practices as a preliminary step in developing an integrated pest management (IPM) program. All responses were kept anonymous. Survey responses from growers producing ≈4.2 million trees annually were obtained, which represents most of the estimated 5.2 million trees required to annually replant Florida groves. Large nurseries (20%) each produced ≥100,000 trees per year and jointly provided 88% of the trees produced annually. Small nurseries (80%) each produced <100,000 trees per year. The citrus leafminer was ranked the most important pest in nurseries during 1995. Pesticides used for CLM control included avermectin, azadirachtin, imidacloprid, fenoxycarb, diflubenzuron, and sulfur, in order of importance. Oil and soap also were used. Growers were concerned about the possibility that the CLM will develop resistance to pesticides. Producers potentially were willing to monitor CLM populations, switch pesticide types to improve survival of parasitoids of the CLM, and leave untreated trees inside the nursery to serve as refuges for CLM parasitoids. In order of importance, pest management advice was provided by private chemical companies, the Florida Citrus Pest Management Guide produced by the University of Florida/Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF/IFAS), UF/IFAS personnel, grower magazines, private consultants, the Florida Citrus Nurserymen's Association, and other growers.

Electron investigations of rhabdovirus-like particles in mexican bean beetles and crickets

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 378-379
Author(s):  
J. R. Adams ◽  
G. J Tompkins ◽  
A. M. Heimpel ◽  
E. Dougherty
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Integrated Pest Management ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Acheta Domesticus ◽  
Epilachna Varivestis ◽  
House Cricket ◽  
Similar Morphology ◽  
Bean Beetle

As part of a continual search for potential pathogens of insects for use in biological control or on an integrated pest management program, two bacilliform virus-like particles (VLP) of similar morphology have been found in the Mexican bean beetle Epilachna varivestis Mulsant and the house cricket, Acheta domesticus (L. ).Tissues of diseased larvae and adults of E. varivestis and all developmental stages of A. domesticus were fixed according to procedures previously described. While the bean beetles displayed no external symptoms, the diseased crickets displayed a twitching and shaking of the metathoracic legs and a lowered rate of activity.Examinations of larvae and adult Mexican bean beetles collected in the field in 1976 and 1977 in Maryland and field collected specimens brought into the lab in the fall and reared through several generations revealed that specimens from each collection contained vesicles in the cytoplasm of the midgut filled with hundreds of these VLP's which were enveloped and measured approximately 16-25 nm x 55-110 nm, the shorter VLP's generally having the greater width (Fig. 1).

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