Insecticide Resistance Development in the Filth Fly Pupal Parasitoid, Spalangia cameroni (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), Using Laboratory Selections

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent F Maiquez ◽  
Jimmy B Pitzer ◽  
Christopher J Geden
Keyword(s):  
Parent Strain ◽  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
Selection Effects ◽  
Parasitic Wasps ◽  
Resistance Development ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Exposure Effect ◽  
Stable Flies ◽  
Insecticide Exposure ◽  
Production Industry

Abstract Filth flies remain one of the most prevalent pest groups affecting the animal production industry. Spalangia spp. and Muscidifurax spp. are beneficial parasitic wasps that often are utilized to manage filth fly populations such as house flies, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), and stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae). These wasps search for filth fly pupae as hosts in areas potentially treated with insecticides, which may result in nontarget insecticide selection effects. However, research regarding resistance development in parasitic wasps such as S. cameroni Perkins (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) is limited. Therefore, a study was conducted to determine the potential of S. cameroni to develop resistance to the commonly used insecticide permethrin, as well as compare permethrin susceptibility among several S. cameroni strains. After 10 selected generations, susceptibility was significantly lower for the selected strain when compared with that of its unselected parent strain. A comparison of several parasitoid strains collected from different U.S. states indicated that permethrin susceptibility was not significantly different between a baseline strain and more recently established field strains. The potential implications of this previously unrecognized nontarget insecticide exposure effect on filth fly parasitoids are discussed.

Effects of four commercial fungal formulations on mortality and sporulation in house flies (Musca domestica) and stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans)

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. N. I. WEEKS ◽  
E. T. MACHTINGER ◽  
S. A. GEZAN ◽  
P. E. KAUFMAN ◽  
C. J. GEDEN
Keyword(s):  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Stable Flies

SURVEY AND RELEASE OF PARASITOIDS (HYMENOPTERA) ATTACKING HOUSE AND STABLE FLIES (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE) IN DAIRY OPERATIONS

1999 ◽  
Vol 131 (6) ◽  
pp. 743-756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanja McKay ◽  
Terry D. Galloway
Keyword(s):  
House Fly ◽  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
Stable Fly ◽  
Nasonia Vitripennis ◽  
Pupal Parasitoid ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Stable Flies ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
The Status ◽  
No Releases

AbstractIn 1995, Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), a commercially available pupal parasitoid of the house fly, Musca domestica L., and stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), was purchased to examine the status of wasps being sold to Manitoba producers. Percentage of pupae parasitized, numbers of parasitoids per pupa, total parasitoids, and parasitoid sex ratio were determined for each shipment of parasitoids received. To determine the extent to which these wasps could successfully parasitize house flies and stable flies, parasitoids were released weekly in four Manitoba dairy barns and levels of parasitism estimated. In 10 622 freeze-killed sentinel house fly pupae, 2.2% were parasitized throughout the season by N. vitripennis, and 5.8% were parasitized by eight other species of parasitoids. Of 11 897 naturally occurring house fly and stable fly pupae, 0.6% were parasitized by N. vitripennis, and 3.4% by eight other species of parasitoids. In four barns where there were no releases of N. vitripennis, 1.1% of 11 779 sentinel pupae were parasitized by four species of parasitoids and 3.8% of 8384 naturally occurring house fly and stable fly pupae were parasitized by nine species. The release of an estimated 3 648 093 N. vitripennis did not result in substantial parasitism in either sentinel pupae or naturally occurring pupae. In 1996, live sentinel house fly pupae (n = 50 842) and house fly and stable fly pupae occurring naturally (n = 4691) were collected in two of the nonrelease barns from the 1995 study to examine the activity of endemic parasitoids. Of the sentinel and naturally occurring pupae sampled, 4.0% and 9.4% were parasitized, respectively. Phygadeuon fumator Gravenhörst (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) was the most abundant parasitoid, accounting for 97.4% and 79.9% of parasitoids collected from sentinel pupae and naturally occurring pupae, respectively. Other parasitoids included Urolepis rufipes (Ashmead), Muscidifurax raptor Girault and Sanders, Muscidifurax zaraptor Kogan and Legner, Spalangia subpunctata Först, Spalangia cameroni Perkins, Spalangia nigra Latreille, and a species of Trichomalopsis Crawford (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae).

Prevalence of Field-Collected House Flies and Stable Flies With Bacteria Displaying Cefotaxime and Multidrug Resistance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew T Pileggi ◽  
John R Chase ◽  
Runhang Shu ◽  
Lin Teng ◽  
Kwangcheol C Jeong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
The United States ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Stable Flies ◽  
Resistance Evolution ◽  
High Level

Abstract Antibiotic use in livestock accounts for 80% of total antibiotic use in the United States and has been described as the driver for resistance evolution and spread. As clinical infections with multidrug-resistant pathogens are rapidly rising, there remains a missing link between agricultural antibiotic use and its impact on human health. In this study, two species of filth flies from a livestock operation were collected over the course of 11 mo: house flies Musca domestica (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), representing a generalist feeder, and stable flies Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), representing a specialist (blood) feeder. The prevalence of flies carrying cefotaxime-resistant (CTX-R) bacteria in whole bodies and dissected guts were assayed by culturing on antibiotic-selective media, with distinct colonies identified by Sanger sequencing. Of the 149 flies processed, including 81 house flies and 68 stable flies, 18 isolates of 12 unique bacterial species resistant to high-level cefotaxime were recovered. These isolates also showed resistance to multiple classes of antibiotics. The CTX-R isolates were predominantly recovered from female flies, which bore at least two resistant bacterial species. The majority of resistant bacteria were isolated from the guts encompassing both enteric pathogens and commensals, sharing no overlap between the two fly species. Together, we conclude that house flies and stable flies in the field could harbor multidrug-resistant bacteria. The fly gut may serve as a reservoir for the acquisition and dissemination of resistance genes.

Hymenopterous parasitoids of house fly and stable fly puparia in Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick, Canada

2007 ◽  
Vol 139 (5) ◽  
pp. 748-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Noronha ◽  
G.A.P. Gibson ◽  
K.D. Floate
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
Stable Fly ◽  
Additional Species ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Stable Flies ◽  
Percent Parasitism

AbstractPuparia of house flies, Musca domestica L., and stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), were collected on dairy farms in Prince Edward Island (PEI) and New Brunswick (NB) and held for emergence of hymenopterous parasitoids. Percent parasitism for PEI in 2003 and 2004 was 6.7 (n = 10 060 puparia) and 1.0 (n = 36 992 puparia), respectively. Percent parasitism for NB was not determined in 2003, but was 9.1% (n = 3052 puparia) in 2004. A parasitoid provisionally identified as Phygadeuon ?fumator Gravenhörst (Ichneumonidae) predominated in both provinces. Additional species recovered included Aphaereta pallipes (Say) (Braconidae) and Muscidifurax raptor Girault and Saunders, Spalangia cameroni Perkins (PEI only), Spalangianigra Latreille (NB only), Spalangia subpunctata Förster (NB only), Trichomalopsis americana (Gahan) (PEI only), and Urolepis rufipes (Ashmead) (Pteromalidae). Dissection of host puparia from which neither flies nor wasps emerged yielded a relatively large number of additional parasitoids, particularly S. nigra.

Biological control of house flies Musca domestica and stable flies Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) by means of inundative releases of Spalangia cameroni (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)

2004 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 555-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Skovgård ◽  
G. Nachman
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
Stable Fly ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Stable Flies

AbstractThe efficacy of the pupal parasitoid Spalangia cameroni Perkins as a biological control agent was tested against house flies Musca domestica Linnaeus and stable flies Stomoxys calcitrans (Linnaeus) in one dairy cattle and two pig installations in Denmark. Weekly releases of S. cameroni from April through to September–October 1999 and 2000 resulted in significant suppressions of house fly populations to below nuisance level, whereas no effect on stable flies was found. Parasitism was significantly higher in the release years compared to the control years, but was below 25% averaged over the fly season for each farm. A statistical model based on a functional relationship between the innate capacity of increase of the two fly species and three explanatory variables (air temperature, fly density and parasitism) provided a fairly good fit to data with the abundances of house flies and stable flies explained mostly by temperature, but intra- and interspecific competition, and parasitism had a significant effect as well. Overall, the model was capable of explaining 14% and 6.6% of the total variation in data for house fly and stable fly, respectively. Spalangia cameroni was the predominant parasitoid to emerge from exposed house fly pupae, but from mid summer onwards Muscidifurax raptor Girault & Sanders (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) was also quite common. The study indicated that biological control of house flies can be an efficient alternative to chemical control.

African swine virus maintenance in stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans) and blowflies (Calliphoridae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 22-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.E. Vlasov ◽  
◽  
A.D. Sereda ◽  
V.M. Balyshev ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
Stable Flies ◽  
Swine Virus

Isolation of Enterobacter sakazakii from Stable Flies, Stomoxys calcitrans L. (Diptera: Muscidae)†

2006 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 671-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. MRAMBA ◽  
A. BROCE ◽  
L. ZUREK
Keyword(s):  
16S Rdna ◽  
Foodborne Pathogen ◽  
Animal Manure ◽  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Stable Fly ◽  
Enterobacter Sakazakii ◽  
Stable Flies ◽  
16S Rdna Pcr ◽  
Glucose Agar

Enterobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic foodborne pathogen that causes meningitis, enterocolitis, and sepsis, primarily in immunocompromised infants. Previously, it was suggested that stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans, were a vector or reservoir of this pathogen. In our study, by means of a culturing approach combined with 16S rDNA PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism genotyping and sequencing, we screened 928 individual stable flies collected in Kansas and Florida. Two stable flies (0.2%) were positive for E. sakazakii. In addition, 411 (44%) stable flies carried bacteria-forming red colonies (presumably enterics) on a violet red bile glucose agar (mean count = 6.4 × 104 CFU per fly), and 120 (13%) stable flies carried fecal coliforms (mean count = 8.7 × 103 CFU per fly). Sequencing of 16S rDNA showed that enterics from violet red bile glucose agar were represented by several genera, including Escherichia, Shigella, Providencia, Enterobacter, Pantoea, Proteus, Serratia, and Morganella. Our study shows that stable flies carry bacteria typically present in animal manure (a developmental site of stable fly larvae), which indicates that the natural reservoir of E. sakazakii is the digestive tract or manure of domestic animals. The low prevalence of E. sakazakii associated with stable flies suggests that stable flies do not play a major role as a reservoir or vector of this pathogen.

scholarly journals Development of Resistance in Wild-Type and Hypermutable Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strains Exposed to Clinical Pharmacokinetic Profiles of Meropenem and Ceftazidime Simulated In Vitro

2007 ◽  
Vol 51 (10) ◽  
pp. 3642-3649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beate Henrichfreise ◽  
Irith Wiegand ◽  
Ingeborg Luhmer-Becker ◽  
Bernd Wiedemann
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Parent Strain ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Resistance Development ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Profiles ◽  
Mutant Prevention Concentration

ABSTRACT In this study we investigated the interplay of antibiotic pharmacokinetic profiles and the development of mutation-mediated resistance in wild-type and hypermutable Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. We used in vitro models simulating profiles of the commonly used therapeutic drugs meropenem and ceftazidime, two agents with high levels of antipseudomonal activity said to have different potentials for stimulating resistance development. During ceftazidime treatment of the wild-type strain (PAO1), fully resistant mutants overproducing AmpC were selected rapidly and they completely replaced wild-type cells in the population. During treatment with meropenem, mutants of PAO1 were not selected as rapidly and showed only intermediate resistance due to the loss of OprD. These mutants also replaced the parent strain in the population. During the treatment of the mutator P. aeruginosa strain with meropenem, the slowly selected mutants did not accumulate several resistance mechanisms but only lost OprD and did not completely replace the parent strain in the population. Our results indicate that the commonly used dosing regimens for meropenem and ceftazidime cannot avoid the selection of mutants of wild-type and hypermutable P. aeruginosa strains. For the treatment outcome, including the prevention of resistance development, it would be beneficial for the antibiotic concentration to remain above the mutant prevention concentration for a longer period of time than it does in present regimens.

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