scholarly journals Montana Native Entomopathogenic Nematode Species Against Limonius californicus (Coleoptera: Elateridae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (5) ◽  
pp. 2104-2111
Author(s):  
Ramandeep Kaur Sandhi ◽  
David Shapiro-Ilan ◽  
Gadi V P Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Entomopathogenic Nematode ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Heterorhabditis Bacteriophora ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Steinernema Feltiae ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Northern Great Plains

Abstract Wireworms are destructive soil inhabiting polyphagous pests in the Pacific Northwest and Intermountain region of the United States. Continuously increasing wireworm populations and damage in small grain crops such as spring wheat in Northern Great Plains has become a challenge for growers. Due to unavailability of effective control measures, alternative methods, including biological control agents such as entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are needed. Native/indigenous EPN species are expected to have better potential than exotic species to control the local insect pests. Two Montana native EPN species (Steinernema feltiae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora) were tested against, Limonius californicus (Coleoptera: Elateridae) in laboratory and shade house studies. In the laboratory bioassay, two isolates of S. feltiae at the rate of 28,000 IJs/five larvae killed 48–50% of the insects within 4 wk. Heterorhabditis bacteriophora was not able to cause >30% L. californicus larval mortality. None of the two isolates of S. feltiae performed well against L. californicus when tested in different soil types. Similarly, two isolates of S. feltiae that were tested killed only 20–25% wireworms in a shade house trial that did not differ significantly from the control treatment. Four weeks after EPN treatment in the shade house trial, the percentage of wheat plant damage from L. californicus ranged from 30 to 40% in the presence of S. felitae, not differing statistically from control. These results suggest that S. felitae have limited potential in managing wireworm populations.

Preliminary Estimates of Costs of Foodborne Disease in the United States

1989 ◽  
Vol 52 (8) ◽  
pp. 595-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
EWEN C. D. TODD
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
The United States ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Foodborne Diseases ◽  
Hemorrhagic Colitis ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Total Impact

Although the full economic impact of foodborne diseases has yet to be measured, preliminary studies show that the cost of illness, death, and business lost is high indeed. This impact is probably greatest in developing countries, but few facts are known. For the United States, preliminary estimates are 12.6 million cases costing $8.4 billion. These may seem excessive but other authors have postulated even higher case and dollar figures. Microbiological diseases (bacterial and viral) represent 84% of the United States' costs, with salmonellosis and staphylococcal intoxication being the most economically important diseases (annually $4.0 billion and $1.5 billion, respectively). Other costly types of illnesses are toxoplasmosis ($445 million), listeriosis ($313 million), campylobacteriosis ($156 million), trichinosis ($144 million), Clostridium perfringens enteritis ($123 million), and E. coli infections including hemorrhagic colitis ($223 million). Botulism has a high cost per case ($322,200), but its total impact is only $87 million because relatively few cases occur (270). This is because the food industry has been able to introduce effective control measures. Salmonellosis, however, is much more widespread (2.9 million cases) and affects all sectors of the food industry.

Biological control of sciarid and phorid pests of mushroom with predatory mites from the genus Hypoaspis (Acari: Hypoaspidae) and the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae

2004 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Jess ◽  
J.F.W. Bingham
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematode ◽  
Predatory Mites ◽  
Mite Species ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Steinernema Feltiae ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Mushroom Compost

AbstractIn small-scale experiments, the predatory mites, Hypoaspis aculeifer (Canestrini) and H. miles Berlese, applied at 700 mites m−2, and the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) applied at 3 × 10−6 nematodes m−2 controlled sciarids and phorids in mushroom compost and casing substrates. For both mite species, earliest application to the growing substrate following sciarid infestation reduced sciarid emergence. In contrast, later application of each biological control agent provided more effective control of phorid emergence. The behaviour of adult mites suggested that H. aculeifer were more positively geotactic than H. miles although both species could penetrate compost and casing substrates to a depth of 2–12 cm. A majority of S. feltiae nematodes resided at a depth of 2–4 cm in both substrate types. Independent application of H. aculeifer provided more comprehensive control of sciarids and phorids than the other biological agents studied, owing to its better dispersal within compost and casing, and ability to attack larvae of differing ages.

scholarly journals First Report of Coleosporium helianthi infecting Helianthus verticillatus (Whorled Sunflower)in the United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert N. Trigiano ◽  
Sarah L. Boggess ◽  
Michelle Odoi ◽  
Denita Hadziabdic ◽  
Ernest C. Bernard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
The United States ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Adaxial Side ◽  
Adaxial Surface ◽  
First Report ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
Pinus Spp

Helianthus verticillatus, the whorled sunflower, is an endangered species found only in the southern United States (Trigiano et al. 2021) that is being developed for ornamental uses. This sunflower species requires little to no maintenance, produces spectacular floral displays from September into October, and attracts numerous potential pollinators including many native bees (Strange et al. 2020). In June and July of 2021, chlorotic, irregularly shaped spots were observed on the adaxial surface of mature leaves of two vegetatively produced clones of H. verticillatus (Trigiano et al., 2021) at three locations in Knoxville, TN. In September, yellow (4A, Royal Horticultural Society Color Chart) sori were abundant on abaxial surfaces and more rarely on the adaxial leaf surfaces of both clones at all locations. Globose-to-cylindrical, yellow urediniospores were 23.7µm (20-32) x 18.9 (16-22) µm (n = 30) with irregular, verrucose ornamentation. The morphology and dimensions of the urediniospores were similar to other Coleosporium species (e.g., C. asterum, Back et al., 2014). Telia were waxy, red-brown (167A; B) and developed in October with colder temperatures. Cylindrical teliospores were sessile, 1-celled, thin-walled with basidia ca. 93 µm (70-117) x 25 µm (19-29), consistent with spores of C. helianthi (Cummins, 1978). DNA was obtained from urediniospores using a Phire kit (ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) and the 28S rDNA region was amplified using the NL1 and NL4 primers (Back et al. 2014) (Genbank accession # OL364847) as well as ITS 1-4 primers (White et al. 1990) (GenBank accession OL364848). For comparison, DNA sequences were also obtained from authentic C. helianthi on H. divaricatus in the Arthur Fungarium at Purdue University (#PURN11678; GenBank accession OL364846) using the protocols of Aime et al. (2018). 28S sequences shared 99.65% (568/570 bp) identity. To test Koch’s postulates, seven healthy detached leaves were lightly brushed on both leaf surfaces with leaves with uredia producing urediniospores. The leaves were incubated adaxial side up in 9-cm-diameter Petri dishes on moistened filter paper at ambient laboratory conditions. A similar number of healthy leaves were brushed with healthy leaves, incubated in the laboratory and served as the control treatment. After 7-10 days, uredia with urediniospores formed primarily on the abaxial leaf surface, but a few were present on the adaxial surface of leaves treated with urediniospores, whereas the leaves in the control remained healthy. Molecular, morphological and infectivity studies identified C. helianthi as the pathogen. Coleosporium helianthi occurs on the commercial sunflower, H. annuus, and several wild sunflower species, including H. tuberosum (Jerusalem artichoke) and H. microcephalus (small-headed sunflower), among others in the southern U.S. (Farr and Rossman 2021). Coleosporium species are heteroecious and mostly macrocyclic rusts (McTaggart and Aime, 2018) with aecia and aeciospores typically found on pines (Pinus spp.). Although H. verticillatus is very susceptible to rust infection and it probably reduces photosynthetic capability, it does not appear to adversely affect flowering in the fall. The disease primarily degrades the aesthetic appeal of the plant but does not require control measures. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. helianthi infecting H. verticillatus. Voucher material is deposited in the Arthur Herbarium (#PURN23470).

Entomopathogenic nematodes for the control of the codling moth (Cydia pomonellaL.) in field and laboratory trials

2015 ◽  
Vol 90 (5) ◽  
pp. 615-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Odendaal ◽  
M.F. Addison ◽  
A.P. Malan
Keyword(s):  
Penetration Rate ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematode ◽  
Cydia Pomonella ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Steinernema Feltiae ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Local Species ◽  
Simulated Field ◽  
Biocontrol Potential ◽  
Different Strains

AbstractThree commercially available entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) strains (Steinernema feltiaeandHeterorhabditis bacteriophoraHb1 and Hb2) and two local species (S.jeffreyenseandS. yirgalemense) were evaluated for the control of the codling moth (Cydia pomonella). In field spray trials, the use ofS. jeffreyenseresulted in the most effective control (67%), followed byH. bacteriophora(Hb1) (42%) andS. yirgalemense(41%). Laboratory bioassays using spray application in simulated field conditions indicateS. feltiaeto be the most virulent (67%), followed byS. yirgalemense(58%). A laboratory comparison of the infection and penetration rate of the different strains showed that, at 14°C, all EPN strains resulted in slower codling moth mortality than they did at 25°C. After 48 h, < 15% mortality was recorded for all species, whereas, at the warmer temperature, >98% mortality was recorded for all species involved. However, the washed codling moth larvae, cool-treated (at 14°C) withS. feltiaeorS. yirgalemense, resulted in 100% mortality 24 h later at room temperature, whereas codling moth larvae treated with the twoH. bacteriophorastrains resulted in 68% and 54% control, respectively. At 14°C,S. feltiaehad the highest average penetration rate of 20 IJs/larva, followed byS. yirgalemense, with 14 IJs/larva. At 25°C,S. yirgalemensehad the highest penetration rate, with 39 IJs/larva, followed byS. feltiae, with 9 IJs/larva. This study highlights the biocontrol potential ofS. jeffreyense, as well as confirming thatS. feltiaeis a cold-active nematode, whereas the other three EPN isolates tested prefer warmer temperatures.

SUSCEPTIBILITY OF 31 SPECIES OF AGRICULTURAL INSECT PESTS TO THE ENTOMOGENOUS NEMATODES STEINERNEMA FELTIAE AND HETERORHABDITIS BACTERIOPHORA

1985 ◽  
Vol 117 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. N. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Life Histories ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Heterorhabditis Bacteriophora ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Delia Radicum ◽  
Steinernema Feltiae ◽  
Nematode Reproduction ◽  
First Time

AbstractThe susceptibility of 31 species of agricultural insect pests representing 7 families of Lepidoptera, 3 of Diptera, and 3 of Coleoptera to the entomogenous nematodes Steinernema feltiae Filipjev and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar, were investigated in the laboratory. Of the 27 species found susceptible to S. feltiae, 19 are reported for the first time. Of the 21 species killed by H. bacteriophora, 15 are reported for the first time. The Lepidoptera as a group were highly susceptible to the nematodes. On the basis of larval mortality caused by the nematodes, of nematode reproduction in insect cadavers, and of the known economic importance and life histories of the test insects, S. feltiae was judged to warrant further research as a possible biological-control agent against Euxoa ochrogaster (Guenée), E. auxiliaris (Grote), Agrotis orthogonia (Morr.), Actebia fennica (Tauscher), Mamestra configurata Walker, Delia radicum (L.), D. antiqua (Meig.), and Zygogramma exclamationis (F.).

Worldwide Surveillance of Foodborne Disease: the Need to Improve†

1996 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
EWEN C. D. TODD
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Large Population ◽  
The United States ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
Foodborne Disease ◽  
E Coli

A foodborne-disease surveillance program is an essential part of a food safety program. Foodborne surveillance should be able to issue early alerts on contaminated food to which a large population is exposed; collate notifications of enteric diseases and laboratory isolations; report foodborne disease incidents on a regular basis; and use sentinel and specific epidemiological studies as required. Although most countries have some kind of reporting of notifiable diseases, few have foodborne-disease surveillance programs, and little is known of foodborne disease in general on a worldwide basis. However, in the last decade many European countries have generated annual reports to join those of Canada, England/Wales, Japan and the United States. In addition, a few other countries are attempting to develop foodborne-disease reporting programs but are hampered by lack of resources. However, it is apparent that staphylococcal intoxication has been decreasing in most nations, except in some Latin American countries where cheese from unpasteurized milk and cream-filled desserts are widely consumed. In contrast, salmonellosis has been increasing or remaining steady as the main foodborne disease in practically all other countries. Newly-recognized agents such as E. coli O157:H7 and other verotoxigenic E. coli, or previously-known agents in new food associations such as Clostridium botulinum, are also being documented in several countries. Although the socioeconomic impact of foodborne diseases is very high, there are at best limited effective control measures to reduce them, even in industrialized countries. One reason control is difficult to achieve is that surveillance is inadequate and the burden of foodborne disease is not fully understood by policy-makers. Another reason is that a consistent and coordinated effort by industry and government is required, as has been practiced in Sweden to reduce substantially the Salmonella contamination of poultry. Improvement of surveillance on a worldwide basis is all the more important with increasing world trade and travel, and international organizations need to take a lead role in accomplishing this.

VIRULENCE OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODE–BACTERIA COMPLEXES FOR LARVAE OF NOCTUIDS, A GEOMETRID, AND A PYRALID

1990 ◽  
Vol 122 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
O.N. Morris ◽  
V. Converse ◽  
J. Harding
Keyword(s):  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematode ◽  
Heterorhabditis Bacteriophora ◽  
Steinernema Feltiae ◽  
Agrotis Ipsilon ◽  
Pseudaletia Unipuncta ◽  
Mamestra Configurata ◽  
Euxoa Ochrogaster ◽  
Cold Hardy ◽  
Highly Virulent

AbstractNine entomopathogenic nematode–bacteria complexes were screened for their virulence against larvae of six noctuids, a geometrid, and a pyralid. Ninety-six-hour LD50’s of steinernematids (and heterorhabditids) ranged from 1 to 3 (1–8) infective juveniles in Galleria mellonella (L.), 1–71 (2) in Peridroma soucia (Hbn.), 1–10 (1–3) in Mamestra configurata (Wlk.), 1–28 (3–7) in Euxoa ochrogaster (Gn.), 19 in Lacanobia radix (Wlk.), 22–60 (4) in Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haw.), 2–95 (111) in Agrotis ipsilon (Hufn.), and 3–28 in Paleacrita vernata (Peck). The nematode, Steinernema feltiae LIC, a cold-hardy strain isolated in Newfoundland, was highly virulent for G. mellonella and M. configurata, but not for P. soucia and E. ochrogaster. The number of nematodes invading larvae and the number produced were greater in G. mellonella than in other insects tested. Nematode–bacteria complexes that showed potential for controlling cutworms included S. feltiae, S. glaseri, S. bibionis, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, and H. heliothidis.

Virulence of entomopathogenic nematodes to different stages of the flatheaded root borer, Capnodis tenebrionis (L.) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)

Nematology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Morton ◽  
Fernando García-del-Pino
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Heterorhabditis Bacteriophora ◽  
Steinernema Feltiae ◽  
Males And Females

AbstractThe virulence of 14 Steinernema feltiae isolates, one S. carpocapsae and three Heterorhabditis bacteriophora isolates was compared in the laboratory against larvae, pupae and adults of the flatheaded root borer, Capnodis tenebrionis. Larval mortality ranged from 50 to 100% and pupae mortality from 0 to 70%. Adults were exposed to different nematode concentrations, 50 and 100 infective juveniles/cm2. Steinernema feltiae caused the highest mortality at the two doses tested, reaching 66.7% and 100%, respectively. Significant differences in mortality between C. tenebrionis males and females were observed. The differences in virulence observed at each stage of C. tenebrionis vary within a species and can be higher than differences among species. The results of this study suggest that some of the isolate strains have potential for improved biological control of C. tenebrionis.

scholarly journals First Report of Glomerella Leaf Spot of Apple Caused by Glomerella cingulata in China

Plant Disease ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 96 (6) ◽  
pp. 912-912 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. X. Wang ◽  
Z. F. Zhang ◽  
B. H. Li ◽  
H. Y. Wang ◽  
X. L. Dong
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Causal Agent ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Initial Symptom ◽  
Glomerella Cingulata ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Glomerella Leaf Spot

A new destructive apple disease, causing black spots and necrotic lesions on leaves and defoliation on cvs. Gala and Golden Delicious (Malus × domestica Borkh.), was observed in August 2011 in Fengxian, Jiangsu Province, China. More than 90% of trees of those cultivars in the area were defoliated by the disease and almost no leaves were left on trees before harvest. The disease was similar to Glomerella leaf spot reported first in Brazil in 1988 (2) and in the United States in 1998 (1) on cvs. Gala and Golden Delicious. The initial symptom was small black lesions on leaves. Above 30°C, the lesions developed quickly and grew to 2 to 3 cm, with a blurred edge. Diseased leaves became dark and were shed. At lower temperatures, the black lesions stopped enlarging after 5 to 6 days and formed large necrotic spots with clear edges; these leaves gradually grew yellow and were shed. When incubated at 30°C and 100% relative humidity for 1 to 2 days, the black lesions produced a mass of saffron-yellow conidia. On fruit, the pathogen only caused circular, necrotic, sunken, red-bordered lesions 2 to 3 mm in diameter, which was different from bitter rot. Three monospored cultures were isolated from diseased leaves and new conidia were obtained from isolates. The colony, with abundant mycelium, was white but turned gray to black. Conidia were 12 to 17 × 5 to 7 μm, and were cylindrical with rounded ends. After germination, conidia formed appressoria, oval, or circular cells with black thick walls 7 to 12 × 5 to 7 um. Based on morphological characteristics, the pathogen was putatively identified as Glomerella cingulata. The conidia were inoculated in vitro on leaves of cvs. Gala and Fuji by dripping a suspension of about 104 conidia/ml of water onto upper leaf surfaces. Dark necrotic lesions were observed on all inoculated Gala leaves, which were similar to those observed in orchards, after 4 days incubation in a chamber at 30°C with 100% humidity. Only small black lesions, about 1 to 2 mm in diameter, were observed on Fuji leaves. No symptoms developed on leaves inoculated with distilled water. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA and part of the 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA of the three isolates were amplified with the universal primers ITS1 (5′-TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG-3′) and ITS4 (5′-CCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3′). The amplified ITS sequences confirmed that the three isolates belonged to the same species, with only one base pair variation among sequences. The nucleotide sequence of isolate 1 and 2 was deposited in GenBank (JN714400 and JN714401). BLAST analysis showed that the sequence had 99% homology with the sequence of G. cingulata (EU008836), the causal agent of Glomerella leaf spot. However, the sequence of isolate 1 had 100% homology with that of G. cingulata (HQ845103.1) isolated from walnut in Shandong, China, while the sequence of isolate 2 had 100% homology with that of G. cingulata (HM015004.1) isolated from sweet pepper in Taiwan. Results suggested the disease is Glomerella leaf spot and the causal agent is G. cingulata. The disease will eliminate sensitive apple cultivars, such as Gala, from wet, warm production areas if effective control measures are not developed within a few years. To our knowledge, this was the first finding of the disease in China and will provide useful information for developing effective control strategies. References: (1) E. González and T. B. Sutton. Plant Dis. 83:1074, 1999. (2) T. B. Sutton and R. M. Sanhueza. Plant Dis. 82:267, 1998.

scholarly journals Community factors associated with local RSV epidemic patterns: a spatiotemporal modeling study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
zhe zheng ◽  
Virginia E. Pitzer ◽  
Joshua L. Warren ◽  
Daniel M. Weinberger
Keyword(s):  
School District ◽  
Population Density ◽  
The United States ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Geographic Proximity ◽  
Community Factors ◽  
Commuting Patterns ◽  
Zip Code ◽  
Epidemic Timing

Background: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes a large burden of morbidity in infants, young children, and the elderly. The timing of RSV seasonal epidemics exhibits strong spatial patterns within the United States. Spatial variability in the timing of RSV epidemics provides an opportunity to probe the factors driving transmission of the virus. Methods: We evaluated competing hypotheses about the associations between RSV epidemic timing at the ZIP-code level and household size, population density, school district boundaries, commuting patterns, and geographic proximity. We used hierarchical Bayesian models with monthly ZIP-code level hospitalization data from New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut between July 1997 and June 2014 to investigate these hypotheses. Results: Early epidemic timing across ZIP codes was associated with large household sizes and high population density, and nearby ZIP codes shared similar epidemic timing. Variations in epidemic timing corresponding to commuting patterns or school district boundaries were negligible. Conclusion: Our results suggest RSV epidemics take off faster in areas with more household crowding and higher population density, and that epidemic spread follows a spatial diffusion process based on geographic proximity. With several vaccines against RSV under development, it is important to understand the drivers of RSV transmission and disease in order to maximize population protection of a vaccine program. Our findings can inform more effective control measures against RSV, such as vaccine programs and household infection control, and guide future studies on the transmission dynamics of RSV.

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