Evaluation of Four Plant Extract Repellents for Management of the European Red Ant Myrmica rubra (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (4) ◽  
pp. 1609-1617
Author(s):  
Kerry Bernard ◽  
Eleanor Groden ◽  
Francis A Drummond
Keyword(s):  
Nest Site ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Peppermint Oil ◽  
Moist Soil ◽  
Neem Oil ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Myrmica Rubra ◽  
Oil Concentration ◽  
Spearmint Oil ◽  
Laboratory Assay

Abstract Spearmint oil, peppermint oil, neem oil, and d-limonene were tested as nest site repellents against the colonization of the invasive European red ant, Myrmica rubra (L.) in both laboratory and field trials. In a laboratory assay, a 10% (v/v) solution of each extract repelled M. rubra colonies from nesting in plant pots filled with moist soil compared to water-treated controls, when applied as a dip to pots. Extracts also repelled colonies compared to a water control in a second laboratory experiment, where pots were dipped 15 d prior to the start of the experiment. In a 2008 field comparison, 20 plant pots, filled with moist potting soil, were dipped in either 10% (v/v) spearmint oil or peppermint oil, 70% (v/v) neem oil, or a water control and left in infested sites. Seven control pots were colonized over 3 mo, while none of the extract-treated pots were colonized. This field trial was repeated for a 15-wk duration in 2009 with the addition of a 10% (v/v) d-limonene solution as a treatment, and a change in neem oil concentration to 10% (v/v). Spearmint and peppermint oils repelled M. rubra colonies for the duration of the experiment. Neem oil and d-limonene repelled colonies for 3 and 4 wk, respectively. These extracts, especially mint oils, show potential as low-hazard repellents against M. rubra in greenhouse and nursery settings, and could reduce the number of new infestations incurred by the transport of plant stock.

N, P and K Fertilizers Alter Plant Growth, Essential Oil Yield and Gender of Sweet Gale (Myrica gale L)

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-17
Author(s):  
X. Chang ◽  
P. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Oil Yield ◽  
Oil Composition ◽  
Myrica Gale ◽  
The North ◽  
Oil Concentration ◽  
N Treatment ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Essential Oil Yield

To investigate whether the fertilizers N, P or K individually affect plant growth, oil content and the gender of sweet gale, two trials, pot and field trials, were carried out at Orkney College UHI in Scotland. A pot trial was established with eight soils which were collected from different sweet gale trial sites in the north of Scotland. Although neither shoot yield nor oil concentration in shoots was affected by soil, there were significant differences in shoot yields as a result of fertilizer treatments (nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) or none (control)). The best yield was obtained from the N treatment which was double to that of the control and P treatments. N, P or K fertilizers did not consistently affect shoot oil concentration in two seasons; however, oil yield was significantly affected, and N treatment produced two-three fold oil yield increases compared with the control or P treatment. In the N treatment, the increase in shoot yield was positively correlated with total nitrogen or nitrate nitrogen in the soil, suggesting the occurrence of a nitrogen priming effect. Data suggested that as shoot yield increased the oil concentration in shoots decreased. Neither soil nor N, P or K fertilizers had a significant effect on oil composition. Amongst fertilizer treatments, P resulted in the largest number of plants changing gender from female to male. A field N trial confirmed that nitrogen significantly enhanced the shoot yield of young plants.

scholarly journals Treatment of overwintering apple leaves to reduce primary inoculum of apple black spot

2003 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 95-99
Author(s):  
K. Tshomo ◽  
I.J. Horner ◽  
M. Walter ◽  
A. Stewart ◽  
M.V. Jaspers
Keyword(s):  
Venturia Inaequalis ◽  
Black Spot ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Primary Inoculum ◽  
Apple Leaves ◽  
Fungal Isolates ◽  
Glass Slides ◽  
Ascospore Production ◽  
Nutrient Amendments

Field trials were conducted in Hawkes Bay and Lincoln into methods of treating overwintering apple leaves to reduce ascospore production by the apple black spot pathogen Venturia inaequalis The leaf treatments comprised three levels of nutrient amendments (including a water control) and five levels of saprophytic fungal isolates (including a nofungus control) in a factorial design Leaves were left to overwinter on the orchard floor and in spring the V inaequalis ascospores released were trapped on glass slides and counted Ascospore numbers were reduced (Plt;005) by the leaf amendment urea which alone caused 73 reduction but not by the BioStarttrade; product The effect of fungal isolates was not significant (P012) although when combined with the water treatment the isolates Chaetomium Phoma and Epicoccum spp and Trametes versicolor reduced numbers of ascospores by 33 27 15 and 28 respectively compared to the nofungus control When combined with urea the Chaetomium isolate reduced ascospore numbers by 92 and 82 compared to the nil fungus/water control treatments in Hawkes Bay and Lincoln respectively indicating that this treatment has potential for reducing primary inoculum of apple black spot

New pyridine derivatives and basic components in spearmint oil (Mentha gentilis f. cardiaca) and peppermint oil (Mentha piperita)

1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (9) ◽  
pp. 1647-1655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masakazu. Ishihara ◽  
Tomoyuki. Tsuneya ◽  
Minoru. Shiga ◽  
Shigeyasu. Kawashima ◽  
Keiichi. Yamagishi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mentha Piperita ◽  
Peppermint Oil ◽  
Pyridine Derivatives ◽  
Spearmint Oil

scholarly journals Use of Boron for the Control of Eutypa Dieback of Grapevines

Plant Disease ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 89 (7) ◽  
pp. 734-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Rolshausen ◽  
W. D. Gubler
Keyword(s):  
Boric Acid ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Canker Disease ◽  
Eutypa Lata ◽  
Eutypa Dieback ◽  
Ascospore Germination ◽  
Potential Alternative

Eutypa dieback is a perennial canker disease of grapevine (Vitis vinifera) caused by Eutypa lata. The fungus produces ascospores, which infect grapevines through pruning wounds during the dormant season. Management of the disease has been achieved with fungicide applications during the dormant period. However, no effective fungicide was available for this purpose after Benlate was withdrawn from the market. Boric acid (17.5% a.i. boron), a potential alternative to Benlate, was tested in the present study against E. lata. The EC50 values for inhibition of mycelial growth and ascospore germination were 125 and 475 μg of boric acid per ml (22 and 83 μg a.i./ml), respectively. Two boron-based treatments were developed and tested in vitro and in four field trials during 2001 to 2003. One product, biopaste, contained 5% boric acid (8.75 mg a.i./ml) in a commercial paste. The second product, bioshield, contained 5% boric acid in a spore suspension of Cladosporium herbarum. Both products significantly reduced disease in vitro and in field trials in comparison with a water control treatment. Boron was not found to accumulate in leaves and shoots, but bud failure at the first node below the treated wound occurred at a higher rate than in untreated vines.

scholarly journals BACTERIA FOR COTTON PLANT PROTECTION: DISEASE CONTROL, CROP YIELD AND FIBER QUALITY1

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-53
Author(s):  
HENRIQUE MONTEIRO FERRO ◽  
RICARDO MAGELA DE SOUZA ◽  
FLAVIA MARA VIEIRA LELIS ◽  
JULIO CARLOS PEREIRA DA SILVA ◽  
FLÁVIO HENRIQUE VASCONCELOS DE MEDEIROS
Keyword(s):  
Plant Protection ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Fiber Quality ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
First Year ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Paenibacillus Lentimorbus

ABSTRACT Ramulosis (Colletotrichum gossypii var. cephalosporioides) is an important fungal disease of cotton in Brazil, exclusively controlled by fungicide application. Therefore, sustainable management of ramulosis is essential. This work aimed to evaluate the potential of three bacterial strains, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (UFLA285), Bacillus velezensis (UFLA401), and Paenibacillus lentimorbus (MEN2), for the biocontrol of ramulosis in cotton and their effects on yield and fiber quality. Seed treatment (ST), foliar spray, and soil drenching application methods were used (separately or combined) under greenhouse and field conditions. Chemical treatments recommended against ramulosis and water were used as controls. Under greenhouse conditions all strains reduced the disease incidence. While B. velezensis UFLA401 and P. lentimorbus MEN2 reduced the incidence by 56.6% and 45.7%, respectively, independent of the application method, B. amyloliquefaciens UFLA285 reduced the disease by about 60% when applied as a foliar spray or ST + foliar spray. Two field trials were performed and all bacterial strains reduced ramulosis incidence. In the first year, B. velezensis UFLA401 sprayed on the plants reduced incidence by 22.3% and ST + two foliar sprays resulted in the best performance, decreasing ramulosis by 57%. In both seasons the yield increased by using either bacterial or chemical treatments compared to the water control. The combination B. velezensis UFLA401 and P. lentimorbus MEN2 sprays provided better fiber quality than chemical treatment. Therefore, Bacillus sp. (UFLA285 and UFLA401) and P. lentimorbus MEN2 are potential tools to reduce ramulosis, increase cotton yield and fiber quality.

scholarly journals The study of the antagonistic and growth-stimulating characteristics of Bacillus subtilis strains, promising for the development of the effective biofungicides

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-272
Author(s):  
A. M. Asaturova ◽  
T. M. Sidorova ◽  
N. S. Tomashevich ◽  
N. A. Zhevnova ◽  
A. I. Khomyak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Liquid Culture ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Plant Protection Products ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Water Control

In the period from 2012 to 2015 on Kalym winter wheat variety plants there were carried out field tests of the liquid culture of B. subtilis BZR 336g and BZR 517 strains isolated from natural sources that exhibit antifungal activity against phytopathogenic fungi Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, Microdochium nivale and Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, and are also able to have a positive effect on the growth and development of plants. Pre-sowing seed treatment and two preventive treatments during the growing season of the plants were carried out with the liquid culture of the strains. Comparison variants - treatment with water (control), with chemical (Raxil, KS; Alto Super, KS) and with biological (Fitosporin-M, L) standards. Biological efficacy against the complex of fusarium root rots was noted in the shooting stage of winter wheat and during ripening, and in some years reached 22.8 % for B. subtilis BZR 336g strain and 17.2 % for B. subtilis BZR 517 strain. In variants with presowing seed treatment and treatment of vegetative winter wheat plants with B. subtilis BZR 336g strain for three years of field trials the yield was from 5.0 to 7.4 t / ha, and when treated with B. subtilis BZR 517 strain - from 4.2 to 7.6 t / ha. The maximum additional yield was obtained in 2013 - a reliable yield increase was 1.6 t / ha for B. subtilis BZR 336g strain and 0.8 t / ha for B. subtilis BZR 517 strain. The ability of liquid cultures of the studied strains to protect winter wheat against harmful diseases at the same level and above the biological and chemical standards will help to expand the range of microbial biological products in the segment of the Russian market of environmentally friendly plant protection products.

Influence of Soil Moisture on Phytotoxicity of Cinmethylin to Various Crops

Weed Science ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 402-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven G. Russell ◽  
Thomas J. Monaco ◽  
Jerome B. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Moist Soil ◽  
Snap Bean ◽  
Crop Injury ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Dry Soil

Field trials were conducted in 1986 and 1987 to determine the effects of moisture on cinmethylin activity. The herbicide was applied preemergence at rates of 0.0, 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 kg ai ha−1to both dry and moist sandy loam soil, followed by varying irrigation regimes. Plant species used in the study included soybean, snap bean, cotton, peanut, and cucumber. Peanut was the most tolerant to cinmethylin, followed by cotton, soybean, snap bean, and cucumber. When cinmethylin was applied to a moist soil, less crop injury resulted than when it was applied to a dry soil. If 7.6 cm of water was applied shortly after cinmethylin application to a dry soil, severe crop injury occurred. When 2.5 cm of irrigation was applied within 8 h or at 5 days after cinmethylin application to a dry soil, crop injury was reduced when compared to applying 7.6 cm irrigation.

Efficacy of Neem Oil on the Biology and Food Consumption of Epilachna Beetle, Epilachna dodecastigma (Wied.)

1970 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-88
Author(s):  
M Anam ◽  
Masum Ahmad ◽  
MA Haque
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Feeding Deterrent ◽  
Feeding Response ◽  
Neem Oil ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
Oil Concentration ◽  
Epilachna Dodecastigma

The efficacy of neem oil on the mortality, growth and feeding responses of epilachna beetle showed that all the larval instars were susceptible to this oil. The LC50 values were higher at 3rd instar and it was lowest on 1st instar. The LT50 values of oil increases proportionately with increasing larval age and with decreasing oil concentration. Neem oil significantly prolonged larval and pupal periods and some of the treated larvae never reached to the pupae. Pupal recovery and adult emergence were greatly reduced in treated larvae. In addition, neem oil also reduced the food consumption of this beetle by acting as feeding deterrent. Key words: Neem oil, mortality, growth, feeding response, Epilachna dodecastigma.

scholarly journals 125 Mint oils: in vitro anti-inflammatory effects tested in porcine alveolar macrophages

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 103-103
Author(s):  
Lauren L Kovanda ◽  
Monika Hejna ◽  
Luciana Rossi ◽  
Yanhong Liu
Keyword(s):  
Cell Viability ◽  
Alveolar Macrophages ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Peppermint Oil ◽  
Lps Challenge ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Spearmint Oil ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Challenge Group

Abstract Essential oils as feed additives are being investigated for promoting health in piglets due to their anti-inflammatory activity. The objective of the study was to measure the in vitro anti-inflammatory effects of peppermint oil and spearmint oil with porcine alveolar macrophages as host immune responses. Briefly, macrophages were harvested from the bronchial lavage of 6 pigs at 6 weeks of age, and then seeded into 24-well plate with at 106 cells/mL. After 24 h incubation at 37oC and 5% CO2, cells were treated with mint oil or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by randomized complete block design with 12 replicates. The treatments were 2 × 5 factorial arrangement with 2 doses of LPS (0 or 1 μg/mL) and 5 doses of mint oil (0, 25, 50, 100, 200 µg/mL). The supernatants were collected after another 24 h incubation to measure the concentration of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) by ELISA assay. Cell viability was also tested by the MTT assay. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4. Administration of both mint oils and LPS did not impact the PAM cell viability of macrophages. LPS challenge significantly stimulated (P < 0.05) TNF-α secretion from macrophages. In the non-challenge group, peppermint oil reduced (P < 0.05) TNF-α production at 25, 50, and 100 μg/mL, whereas spearmint oil reduced (P < 0.05) TNF-α concentration from 50 to 200 μg/mL. In the LPS challenge group, both mint oils linearly inhibited (P < 0.001) TNF-α secretion from LPS-challenged macrophages with 200 μg/mL as the strongest dose. Results of the current study indicated that both peppermint and spearmint oils had anti-inflammatory activities in vitro. In vivo animal trials will be conducted to evaluate their impacts on animal health and performance.

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