Do Ready-Mix Insecticides Cause Lethal and Sublethal Effects on Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) Pupa?

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 1227-1233
Author(s):  
Ana Clara R de Paiva ◽  
Fernando H Iost Filho ◽  
Eduardo A Parro ◽  
Daniel P L Barbosa ◽  
Pedro T Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Biological Parameters ◽  
Trichogramma Pretiosum ◽  
Economic Threshold ◽  
Lambda Cyhalothrin ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Selective Insecticides

Abstract The use of selective insecticides aids farmers in maintaining pest populations below the economic threshold level. The integrated use of biological and chemical control is only possible if the effects of insecticides on natural enemies are studied. Although the IOBC/WPRS standards allow us to compare these studies worldwide, the methods used are sometimes inconsistent. This study determined the effects of ready-mix insecticides applied on pupae of Trichogramma pretiosum (Riley, 1879) (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and compared the effects on emergence of two different methods of exposing T. pretiosum pupae to insecticides: immersed or sprayed using a Potter tower. Both methods gave the same results, indicating that they can be compared. Moreover, it is important to go beyond IOBC/WPRS classification and study the effects of pesticides on different biological parameters of natural enemies. This additional step may increase the likelihood of successful integration of biological and chemical control. Based on the emergence reduction, Chlorantraniliprole + lambda-cyhalothrin, abamectin + chlorantraniliprole, and alpha-cypermethrin + teflubenzuron were classified as innocuous (class 1). Cypermethrin + profenofos and cyproconazole + thiamethoxam were classified as slightly harmful (class 2). Methanol + methomyl and lufenuron + profenofos were classified as harmful (class 4). Abamectin + chlorantraniliprole, although classified as innocuous, reduced the parasitism, longevity, and flight capability of the adult parasitoids. None of these insecticides altered the emergence and sex ratio of the second generation.

scholarly journals TOXICITY OF INSECTICIDES USED IN MUSKMELON ON FIRST-INSTAR LARVAE OF Chrysoperla genanigra FREITAS (NEUROPTERA: CHRYSOPIDAE)

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 662-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
BÁRBARA KARINE DE ALBUQUERQUE SILVA ◽  
MAURÍCIO SEKIGUCHI DE GODOY ◽  
ALRICÉLIA GOMES DE LIMA ◽  
ANNA KÉZIA SOARES DE OLIVEIRA ◽  
PATRIK LUIZ PASTORI
Keyword(s):  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Lambda Cyhalothrin ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Brazilian Northeast ◽  
Cucumis Melo L

ABSTRACT Brazil is one of the world's largest producers of melon (Cucumis melo L.), and Rio Grande do Norte and Ceará are the largest producers states of the country (99% of exports). This crop had great socio- economic importance in the Brazilian Northeast, however, it is affected by insect pests and consequently, large amounts of pesticides are applied to it, which greatly affect beneficial organisms, such as Chrysopidae. This bioassay evaluated the toxicity of nine insecticides used in commercial crops of muskmelon, applied to first- instar larvae of Chrysoperla genanigra of up to 24-hour-old, from mass rearing cultures. Sublethal effects were evaluated, classifying the insecticides into the toxicity classes recommended by the IOBC. A completely randomized design was used, consisting of ten treatments (clothianidin, pymetrozine, lambda-cyhalothrin, chlorantraniliprole, indoxacarb, pyriproxyfen, beta-cyfluthrin+imidacloprid, imidacloprid, beta-cypermethrin and a control consisted of distilled water). The treatments consisted of exposure of thirty larvae to dry residues of each product in Petri dishes, assessing their mortality, duration of instars, sex ratio, fecundity and viability of eggs from adults of the insects evaluated. The products were classified in toxicity classes as harmful (Class 4) (clothianidin, pymetrozine, indoxacarb, lambda-cyhalothrin, beta-cyfluthrin+imidacloprid, imidacloprid, beta- cypermethrin and pyriproxyfen) and innocuous (Class 1) (chlorantraniliprole) to first -instar larvae of C. genanigra, by calculate their total effect. Based on this work, chlorantraniliprole is the only recommended insecticide for use in integrated pest management (IPM) programs in muskmelon crops.

Sublethal Effects of Four Insecticides on the Seven-Spotted Lady Beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (5) ◽  
pp. 2177-2185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liu Tengfei ◽  
Wang Yao ◽  
Zhang Lixia ◽  
Xu Yongyu ◽  
Zhang Zhengqun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Coccinella Septempunctata ◽  
Lady Beetle ◽  
Selective Toxicity ◽  
Egg Hatching ◽  
Lambda Cyhalothrin ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Tea Plantations ◽  
Toxoptera Aurantii

Abstract To further develop integrated pest management (IPM) strategies against two sucking insect pests, Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Quaintanca) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and Toxoptera aurantii Boyer (Hemiptera: Aphididae), in Chinese tea plantations, it is important to evaluate the effects of insecticides on biological control agents, such as the seven-spot lady beetle, Coccinella septempunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Therefore, we tested the toxicity and sublethal effects of spirotetramat, clothianidin, lambda-cyhalothrin, and bifenthrin on C. septempunctata. The side effects of the active ingredients of the insecticides were evaluated with residual contact tests on the larvae of C. septempunctata in the laboratory. Spirotetramat and clothianidin exhibited lower lethality to C. septempunctata as shown by the higher LC50 values and had higher selectivity for A. spiniferus and T. aurantii based on the selective toxicity ratios being superior to other tested insecticides. Spirotetramat also did not affect survival, longevity, fecundity, and egg hatching of C. septempunctata. Clothianidin and bifenthrin prolonged the duration of larval development stages of C. septempunctata obviously. Clothianidin at >2.5 mg/liter, lambda-cyhalothrin at >0.03 mg/liter, and bifenthrin at >0.125 mg/liter significantly reduced the survival and pupation rates of C. septempunctata larvae. Furthermore, spirotetramat at 3.125 mg/liter was harmless (IOBC class 1) to larvae of this coccinellid species. Based on the results, spirotetramat was innocuous to C. septempunctata larvae compared with clothianidin, lambda-cyhalothrin, and bifenthrin. Therefore, spirotetramat might be incorporated into IPM programs in combination with C. septempunctata for control of A. spiniferus and T. aurantii in the tea plantations.

scholarly journals Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Insecticides Used in Cotton on Harmonia Axyridis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dyrson O. A. Neto ◽  
Pablo C. Gontijo ◽  
Geraldo Andrade CARVALHO
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Harmonia Axyridis ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Lethal Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Generalist Predator ◽  
Larval Phase ◽  
Agriculture Industry ◽  
Lambda Cyhalothrin

Abstract The agriculture industry seeks to reconcile control tactics for pest management, necessitating studies of lethal and sublethal effects of insecticides on natural enemies. The effect of six insecticides with diverse modes of action—ethiprole, etofenprox, lambda-cyhalothrin, lambda-cyhalothrin + chlorantraniliprole, pymetrozine, and thiamethoxam + chlorantraniliprole—were evaluated after spraying on eggs, third-instar larvae, pupae, and adults of Harmonia axyridis , a generalist predator in cotton crops. Ethiprole was the only one that had no lethal effect on the predator at any stage of its development; however, it caused sublethal effects when applied to eggs (shortening of the larval phase and lower reproduction). Lambda-cyhalothrin caused high predator mortality after exposure at all stages. Due to the high compatibility between the ladybug H. axyridis and ethiprole, this compound is recommended for use in cotton integrated pest management programs. The other insecticides were harmful in lethal or sublethal tests, and further work in semifield and field conditions is required to confirm if they reduce H. axyridis populations.

scholarly journals Role of Kairomones in The Management of Sal Borer (Hoplocerambyx Spinicornis) Population

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunita Negi ◽  
Raghubeer Singh Bhandari
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Control ◽  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Economic Threshold ◽  
Pest Population ◽  
Major Pest ◽  
Environmentally Sound ◽  
Chemical Attractant ◽  
Amine Compounds

Hoplocerambyx spinicornis is a major pest of Sal which causes extensive damage to the Sal trees. As regard to the chemical control there is any likelihood of chemical control. The grub bores very deep into the heartwood and lodges itself inside chambers and galleries. Thus the present study deals with the multidisciplinary approach like the use of biocontrol agents (natural enemies), testing of kairomones, use of olfactrometer and the use of variously designed traps to manage the borers’ population. Kairomone is the alternate chemical attractant which contain flavanoids, terpenoids and amine compounds. Such methods avoid felling of trees which are used in controlling pest population since decades. Above methods being eco friendly and environmentally sound could manage the pest population up to certain economic threshold level.

Efeito de Óleos Essenciais Sobre Estágios Imaturos de Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
Douglas Silva Parreira ◽  
Francisco Andreas Rodrigues Dimaté ◽  
Lorena Duarte Batista ◽  
Humberto Corrêa Bomfim Ribeiro ◽  
Rafael Eugênio Guanabens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Allium Sativum ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Egg Parasitoid ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Mentha Piperita ◽  
Trichogramma Pretiosum ◽  
Insecticidal Effect ◽  
Lambda Cyhalothrin ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Glass Tubes

O manejo integrado de pragas prioriza o uso de táticas de controle, que reduzam o impacto ambiental causado pelo uso maciço e incorreto de produtos químicos sintéticos. A preservação e liberação de inimigos naturais, nos campos agrícolas, e a descoberta de novas moléculas com efeito inseticida extraídas de espécies vegetais têm obtido bons resultados no controle de pragas. Porém, o efeito do uso conjunto dessas táticas de controle é pouco explorado. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de óleos botânicos sobre os estágios imaturos de Trichogramma pretiosum em laboratório. Ovos de A. kuehniella colados em cartelas de papel foram expostos a fêmeas, previamente individualizadas, em tubos de vidro durante 24h. Decorrido esse período, os ovos supostamente parasitados foram mergulhados em soluções de óleo essenciais (Allium sativum, Mentha piperita e Syzygium aromarticum), inseticida lambda-cialotrina (testemunha positiva) e etanol (testemunha negativa) durante 5 segundos, secos à sombra por trinta minutos e colocados em tubos de vidro. Os tubos foram mantidos em câmara climatizada a 25 ± 2°C, 70 ± 10% de UR e fotoperíodo de 12 h. Os óleos essenciais de A. sativum, M. piperita and S. aromarticum e o inseticida lambda-cialotrina foram levemente tóxicos (classe 2) a pupas de T. pretiosum. A razão sexual não foi afeta por nenhum composto classificando-os como inócuo (classe 1). Os óleos e o inseticida testado podem ser utilizados em associação com T. pretiosum, desde que os protocolos de seletividade ecológica sejam respeitados.Palavras-chave: Produtos naturais, parasitóide de ovos, seletividade.AbstractIntegrated pest management prioritizes the use of control tactics that reduce the environmental impact caused by the massive and incorrect use of synthetic chemicals. The preservation and release of natural enemies in agricultural fields and the discovery of new molecules with insecticidal effect extracted from plant species, have obtained good results in pest control. However, the effect to the use in joint of these control tactics is little explored. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of botanical oils on the immature stages of Trichogramma pretiosum in the laboratory. Eggs of Anticarsia kuehniella glued on paper plates were exposed to previously individualized females in glass tubes for 24 hours. After this period, the supposedly parasitized eggs were immersed in essential oil solutions (Allium sativum, Mentha piperita and Syzygium aromarticum), lambda-cyhalothrin insecticide (positive control) and ethanol (negative control) for 5 seconds, dried in the shade for 30 minutes and placed in glass tubes. The tubes were kept in an air-conditioned chamber at 25 ± 2°C, 70 ± 10% HR and 12-h photoperiod. The essential oils of A. sativum, M. piperita and S. aromarticum and lambda-cyhalothrin insecticide were slightly toxic (class 2) to T. pretiosum pupae. The sex ratio was not affected by any compound by classifying them as innocuous (class 1). The oils and insecticide tested can be used in association with T. pretiosum, since the ecological selectivity protocols are respected.Keywords: Natural products, egg parasitoid, selectivity.

scholarly journals Effect of increasing rate of insecticides on its selectivity for Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 933 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcela Laiz Mora Grande ◽  
Érica Caroline Braz ◽  
Adeney De Freitas Bueno ◽  
Débora Mello da Silva ◽  
Ana Paula De Queiroz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pest Control ◽  
Control Process ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Trichogramma Pretiosum ◽  
Biological Pest Control ◽  
Lambda Cyhalothrin ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Negative Effect

The present study evaluated the effect of different rates of chlorantraniliprole, chlorantraniliprole + lambda-cyhalothrin, spinosad, and chlorfenapyr on their selectivity for the pupae and adults of Trichogramma pretiosum. The negative effect of majority of the insecticides tested on most of the parasitoids was directly proportional to the rate of the insecticide applied. Chlorantraniliprole at a rate of 10 g a.i. ha-1 was classified as harmless (class 1) to both pupae and adults of the parasitoid. The effect of chlorantraniliprole at a rate of 20 to 50 g a.i. ha-1 varied from harmless (class 1) to slightly harmful (class 2) to the adults of T. pretiosum. Chlorantraniliprole 10 + lambda-cyhalothrin at 5 g a.i. ha-1 was classified as harmless (class 1) to the pupae and moderately harmful (class 3) to the adults of T. pretiosum. On the contrary, the highest rate of chlorantraniliprole 50 + lambda-cyhalothrin tested (i.e., 25 g a.i. ha-1) was classified as slightly harmful (class 2) to the pupae and harmful (class 4) to the adults of the parasitoid. Similarly, increasing the application rate of spinosad and chlorfenapyr also exhibited an increase in toxicity. Spinosad at a rate of 24 g a.i. ha-1 was classified as slightly harmful (class 2) and harmless (class 1) to the pupae and adults of T. pretiosum, respectively. Spinosad at 96 g a.i. ha-1 was classified as both moderately harmful (class 3) and harmful (class 4) to the pupae of the parasitoid. Chlorfenapyr at a rate of 192 g a.i. ha-1 was classified as both slightly harmful (class 2) and moderately harmful (class 3) to the pupae of T. pretiosum, whereas chlorfenapyr at 336 g a.i. ha-1 was categorized as slightly harmful (class 3) and harmful (class 4) to the pupae. These results indicate that an increase in the rate of insecticide affected T. pretiosum negatively. Therefore, higher insecticide rates should only be adopted when strictly necessary to control the target pest, because they might compromise the biological pest control process in the field.

scholarly journals Short communication: Sublethal effects of insecticides used in strawberry on Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. e10SC01
Author(s):  
Daniel M. Alano ◽  
Emily S. Araujo ◽  
José M. Mirás-Avalos ◽  
Ida C. Pimentel ◽  
Maria A. C. Zawadneak
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Short Communication ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Trichogramma Pretiosum ◽  
Control Solution ◽  
Offspring Sex Ratio ◽  
Lambda Cyhalothrin ◽  
Offspring Sex ◽  
Emergence Rate

Aim of study: Assessment of toxicity and sublethal effects of registered insecticides currently used in strawberry cultivation in Brazil on Trichogramma pretiosum Riley adults.Area of study: The study was conducted under laboratory conditions in Paraná (Brazil).Material and methods: Previously non-parasitized Duponchelia fovealis Zeller (Lepidoptera: Cambridae) eggs were dipped into insecticide dilutions or control solution. Seven active ingredients were tested: thiamethoxam, abamectin, azadirachtin, spinetoram, chlorfenapyr, lambda-cyhalothrin and chlorpyriphos. Side-effects of pesticides were quantified by measuring mortality on T. pretiosum females in 24 h, longevity after exposure to the insecticides, parasitism and emergence rates, and offspring sex ratio. These traits were also measured on the second generation.Main results: According to IOBC criteria, thiamethoxam was classified as harmless; abamectin, chlorfenapyr and spinetoram as slightly toxic; azadirachtin and lambda-cyhalothrin as moderately toxic and chlorpyriphos as toxic. The emergence rate of T. pretiosum secondgeneration was not significantly affected by thiamethoxam, abamectin, azadirachtin, and chlorfenapyr. Sublethal effects caused by azadirachtin, abamectin and chlorfenapyr were verified in the secondgeneration.Research highlights: The information generated by this study is useful for designing future biological control strategies in integrated pest management programs against D. fovealis.

scholarly journals Selectivity and Sublethal Effects of Botanical Extracts to Pupae of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, 1879 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

2020 ◽  
pp. 136-146
Author(s):  
Joanina Gladenucci ◽  
Indiamara Marasca ◽  
José Carlos de Almeida Pernambuco Filho ◽  
Filipe Pereira Giardini Bonfim ◽  
Regiane Cristina Oliveira de Freitas Bue
Keyword(s):  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Sublethal Effect ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Trichogramma Pretiosum ◽  
Artemisia Absinthium ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Botanical Extracts ◽  
Plectranthus Amboinicus ◽  
Integrated Pest Control ◽  
Positive Controls

Aims: assess the effect of botanical extracts on pupae of the natural enemy Trichogramma pretiosum. Study Design: evaluation of the selectivity and sublethal effect on T. pretiosum pupae. Place and Duration of Study: Departamento de Proteção Vegetal e Horticultura da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas – Universidade Estadual Paulista ¨Júlio de Mesquita Filho¨ (FCA/UNESP) – Campus de Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil, carried out between March 2016 and April 2017. Methodology: the experiment was conducted in laboratory, with eleven treatments: Rosmarinus officinalis, Mikania glomerata, Varronia curassavica, Chenopodium ambrosioides, Vermonia polyanthes, Plectranthus amboinicus, Tetradenia riparia, Artemisia absinthium, Cymbopogon citratus, distilled water and chlorpyrifos, with the two last ones being the negative and positive controls, respectively. The plants were collected in the morning and had 100 g of each species separated and immersed in 300 ml of methyl alcohol for 24 hours in triple extraction. Posteriorly, the solvent was evaporated in rotavapor and the crude extract diluted in the proportion of 1000 mg to 250 mL of distilled water. The parasitism (%) was evaluated. The mortality of the parasitoids was classified in: class 1 – innocuous (E < 30%); class 2 – slightly harmful (30 ≤ E ≤ 79%); class 3 – moderately harmful (80 ≤ E ≤ 99%); class 4 – harmful (E > 99%); daily and accumulated parasitism, total of parasitized eggs and longevity were reported. Results: Solely the extract of R. officinalis was selective to T. pretiosum pupae. Despite it, all tested extracts induced sublethal effects, with R. officinalis and C. citratus causing the highest damage. Although R. officinalis resulted in sublethal effects, it was the only extract which did not lead to the mortality of females of T. pretiosum. Conclusion: the tested botanical extracts are innocuous (class 1) or slightly harmful (class 2) to pupae of T. pretiosum, resulting in some sublethal effect that might spoil its efficiency in the Integrated Pest Control.

scholarly journals Biological parameters of three Trichogramma pretiosum strains (Riley, 1879) (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) on eggs Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner, 1805) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel dos Santos Carvalho ◽  
Luciana Barbosa Silva ◽  
Maisa Sousa Veras ◽  
Eliane Carneiro Bueno dos Santos ◽  
Mayra Layra dos Santos Almeida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Helicoverpa Armigera ◽  
Biological Parameters ◽  
Trichogramma Pretiosum ◽  
Helicoverpa Armígera ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

scholarly journals Economic threshold level (ETL) of okra shoot and fruit borer, Earias spp. on okra

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 697-701
Author(s):  
Kaur Sandeep ◽  
Kaur Ginday Kulwinder ◽  
Singh Subash
Keyword(s):  
Threshold Level ◽  
Economic Threshold ◽  
Fruit Borer
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