Feeding Response of Early- and Late-Instar Spruce Budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) to Amino Acid Extracts from White Spruce

1994 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 409-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claude Guertin ◽  
Paul J. Albert
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Feeding Response ◽  
Late Instar

THE ROLE OF CHEMOTACTIC STIMULI IN THE FEEDING BEHAVIOR OF SPRUCE BUDWORM LARVAE ON WHITE SPRUCE

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Heron
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Shikimic Acid ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Ethanol Extracts ◽  
Related Compounds

The effects of chemical stimuli on the feeding behavior of penultimate-instar larvae of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), were investigated, especially in relation to the relative acceptability of staminate flowers, new vegetative shoots, and mature needles of white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss.Phagostimulants were extracted from the host plant tissues with 80% ethanol. Some substances known to be present in the extracts and some related compounds were investigated individually. The only substances that induced feeding responses in these tests were a number of sugars and the amino acid L-proline.In choice tests ethanol extracts of the staminate flowers were more acceptable than extracts of the shoots, and shoot extracts were more acceptable than extracts of the mature needles.The various host tissues differ quantitatively and qualitatively in the occurrence of some substances that significantly affect feeding behavior. The concentration of total sugars is greatest in the staminate flowers and least in the mature needles. Sugar concentration influenced feeding; the highest concentration encountered in the extracts evoked the greatest response. The difference in response to extracts of the various tissues was not attributable simply to differences in the sugar concentration.Staminate flowers contain much greater amounts of the amino acid L-proline than do the other tissues. Larvae offered a choice of sucrose plus L-proline or sucrose alone fed preferentially on the mixture. Similar but somewhat less pronounced responses were also noted with the related compounds, hydroxy-L-proline and L-glutamic acid.Pungenin occurs in appreciable amounts in mature spruce needles but is absent from, or present only in trace amounts, in new vegetative shoots. This glucoside deterred feeding but the difference in responses of larvae to extracts of the shoots and mature needles was not solely attributable to this effect. Shikimic acid and caffeic acid each stimulated feeding when present in mixture with sucrose. They may influence the differential feeding responses to the shoots and mature needles.

WHITE SPRUCE AND THE SPRUCE BUDWORM: DEFINING THE PHENOLOGICAL WINDOW OF SUSCEPTIBILITY

1997 ◽  
Vol 129 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert K. Lawrence ◽  
William J. Mattson ◽  
Robert A. Haack
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Foliar Traits

AbstractSynchrony of insect and host tree phenologies has often been suggested as an important factor influencing the susceptibility of white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, and other hosts to the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). We evaluated this hypothesis by caging several cohorts of spruce budworm larvae on three white spruce populations at different phenological stages of the host trees, and then comparing budworm performance with host phenology and variation of 13 foliar traits. The beginning of the phenological window of susceptibility in white spruce occurs several weeks prior to budbreak, and the end of the window is sharply defined by the end of shoot growth. Performance was high for the earliest budworm cohorts that we tested. These larvae began feeding 3–4 weeks prior to budbreak and completed their larval development prior to the end of shoot elongation. Optimal synchrony occurred when emergence preceded budbreak by about 2 weeks. Larval survival was greater than 60% for individuals starting development 1–3 weeks prior to budbreak, but decreased to less than 10% for those starting development 2 or more weeks after budbreak and thus completing development after shoot elongation ceased. High performance by the budworm was most strongly correlated with high levels of foliar nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, copper, sugars, and water and low levels of foliar calcium, phenolics, and toughness. These results suggest that advancing the usual phenological window of white spruce (i.e. advancing budbreak prior to larval emergence) or retarding budworm phenology can have a large negative effect on the spruce budworm’s population dynamics.

LONG TERM STUDY OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AERIAL APPLICATION OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS – ACEPHATE COMBINATIONS AGAINST THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

1977 ◽  
Vol 109 (9) ◽  
pp. 1239-1248 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. N. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Long Term Study

AbstractBacillus thuringiensis (Dipel® 36B) mixed with a sublethal concentration of acephate (Orthene®) (O, S-dimethyl acetylphosphoramidothioate), an organophosphorous insecticide, was applied at 2.35–14 l./ha to white spruce (Picea glauca) and balsam fir (Abies balsamea) trees infested with spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.). The treatment rate was 20 Billion International Units of B. thuringiensis (B.t.) activity with or without 42 g of active ingredient of acephate/ha.The ground deposit of the standard Dipel wettable powder formulation was 12% of emitted volume compared with 21–32% for the Dipel 36B flowable. The viability of B.t. spores was drastically reduced after 1 day of weathering but a high level of biological activity by the spore–crystal complex persisted for up to 20 days post-spray due probably to crystal activity.The addition of about 10% of the recommended operational rate of acephate to the B.t. suspension increased larval mortality by 34% when applied at 4.7 l./ha. Reductions in budworm populations were 97–99% in B.t. + acephate plots and 86–90% in B.t. alone plots.Plots with moderate budworm densities of up to 27 larvae/100 buds on white spruce and 36/100 on balsam fir were satisfactorily protected from excessive defoliation in the year of spray by B.t. with or without acephate. Plots with higher population densities were not satisfactorily protected based on the branch sample examination but aerial color photographs indicated good protection to the top third of the trees. Population declines were greater and defoliation and oviposition were lower in the treated plots than in the untreated checks 1 year later without further treatment. Two years later the larval population densities in all plots were low but the density was twice as high in the untreated check as in the treated plots, indicating long term suppression by the treatments. Defoliation was negligible in all plots.The treatments had no deleterious effect on spruce budworm parasitism. The data indicate that the integrated approach using Bacillus thuringiensis – chemical pesticide combinations is a viable alternative to the use of chemical pesticides alone in spruce budworm control. Large scale testing is now warranted.

scholarly journals Genetic control and evolutionary potential of a constitutive resistance mechanism against the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) in white spruce (Picea glauca)

Heredity ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 121 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Méndez-Espinoza ◽  
Geneviève J. Parent ◽  
Patrick Lenz ◽  
André Rainville ◽  
Laurence Tremblay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Control ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Evolutionary Potential ◽  
Constitutive Resistance

scholarly journals Genomic selection for resistance to spruce budworm in white spruce and relationships with growth and wood quality traits

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 2704-2722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Beaulieu ◽  
Simon Nadeau ◽  
Chen Ding ◽  
Jose M. Celedon ◽  
Aïda Azaiez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genomic Selection ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Quality Traits ◽  
Selection For

The Sensitivity of Young White Spruce to Spruce Budworm Defoliation

1991 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 168-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harald Piene
Keyword(s):  
Volume Growth ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
First Year ◽  
Average Volume ◽  
Shoot Production ◽  
Prolific Shoot

Abstract Relationships between defoliation and volume growth were determined for 68 young white spruce trees in a 20-year-old plantation defoliated over a 2-year period by the spruce budworm. In the first year of defoliation, intensities ranging from 7 to 89% of the current foliage did not influence volume growth significantly. Two consecutive years of defoliation, averaging over the 2-year period from 0-33, 34-66, and 67-100% of the current foliage, reduced average volume growth by about 6, 11, and 27%, respectively. White spruce is much less sensitive to defoliation than balsam fir. This is partly due to white spruce's ability to compensate for even moderate defoliation intensities by a prolific shoot production. North. J. Appl. For. 8(4):168-171.

OPTIMAL SAMPLE SIZE FOR THE ESTIMATION OF SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) POPULATIONS ON BALSAM FIR AND WHITE SPRUCE

1983 ◽  
Vol 115 (12) ◽  
pp. 1621-1626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques Régnière ◽  
C. J. Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Larval Population ◽  
Optimal Sample Size ◽  
Optimal Sample

AbstractAn equation is presented for the determination of sample sizes needed to estimate with a given precision the larval population density of spruce budworm on balsam fir and white spruce branch tips in Ontario. This equation is primarily applicable to low densities, but is valid to a density of 50 larvae/branch tip. The distribution of budworm larvae at densities below 0.1/branch tip is nearly random, and is aggregated at higher densities. Their distribution is the same on the two host species.

EFFECT OF RH-5992, A NONSTEROIDAL ECDYSONE AGONIST, ON THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE): LABORATORY, GREENHOUSE, AND GROUND SPRAY TRIALS

1997 ◽  
Vol 129 (5) ◽  
pp. 871-885 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Retnakaran ◽  
L.F.R. Smith ◽  
W.L. Tomkins ◽  
M.J. Primavera ◽  
S.R. Palli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Peak Level ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Head Capsule ◽  
Entire Body ◽  
Chitin Synthesis ◽  
Synthesis Inhibitor ◽  
Receptor System ◽  
Ecdysone Agonist

AbstractIngestion of 0.1 μg of RH-5992, tebufenozide, by early 6th instar larvae of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), prior to the appearance of the ecdysone peak in the hemolymph, resulted in the induction of a precocious incomplete moult that was lethal. The larvae stopped feeding within 8 h post ingestion and remained quiescent just as they do in preparation for a normal moult. Head capsule slippage started at 12 h post ingestion, became pronounced by 24 h, and by 48 h an untanned new head capsule was visible behind the old one. The lack of tanning of the new cuticle was due to the failure of dopadecarboxylase gene expression. Although the old cuticle was loose around the entire body, indicating that apolysis had occurred, there was no evidence of ecdysis of the old cuticle, suggesting that eclosion hormone was probably not released. Earlier instars required a lower dose than the later ones to elicit an "all or none" type of moulting response. The most effective routes of entry were by intrahemocoelic injection, followed by ingestion. Topical application was effective only when nonaqueous carriers such as acetone or dimethyl sulfoxide were used. The larvae were unable to discriminate between treated and untreated diet over a 48-h period. The transcription factor, Choristoneura hormone receptor 3, which is normally expressed at the onset of the hemolymph ecdysone peak, was expressed in the epidermis 1 h post ingestion of RH-5992, reached a peak level by 3 h, and became undetectable by 24 h, confirming that this analogue acts through the ecdysone receptor system. Greenhouse tests using potted white spruce trees sprayed with RH-5992 and colonized with 4th-instar spruce budworm indicated that field dosages of 35, 70, 140, and 280 g/ha would all be effective. Ground spray trials conducted in a spruce budworm infested white spruce stand in Zee Casault, Gaspé, Quebec, using a backpack sprayer showed that ≥ 70 g/ha of RH-5992 reduced the insect population by 100% with very little defoliation and was better than Chlorfluazuron® (an analogue of the chitin synthesis inhibitor, diflubenzuron or Dimilin®) treatment, which was used as a positive control. The unique mode of action of this ecdysone agonist and its effectiveness as an environmentally benign control agent for the spruce budworm are discussed.

Variations in the foliar amino acid composition of flowering and non-flowering balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) in relation to outbreaks of the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem))

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
pp. 1005-1011 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Kimmins
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Apparent Correlation

The amino acids of new and old foliage of flowering and non-flowering balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) were investigated using two-dimensional descending paper chromatography. The data were analyzed for variation associated with age of foliage, age of tree, and flowering condition. The concentration of foliar amino acids was greater in balsam fir than in white spruce, and greater in new foliage than old foliage.The difference in concentration between foliage of flowering and non-flowering trees was smaller. However, the new foliage of flowering fir had higher levels of most of the amino acids examined than any other foliage category. This appears to reflect the known suitability of these foliage categories for spruce budworm larvae. While the data presented do not quantify the ecological significance of this apparent correlation, they do support the theory that variations in the nutritional quality of host plants play a very important role in the dynamics of herbivore populations.

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