High-Temperature, Forced-Air Quarantine Treatment for Papayas Infested with Tephritid Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae)

1989 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 1667-1674 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Armstrong ◽  
James D. Hansen ◽  
Benjamin K. S. Hu ◽  
Steven A. Brown
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Forced Air ◽  
Tephritid Fruit Flies

scholarly journals Development of heat treatments for two species of Samoan fruit flies (Bactrocera spp., Diptera: Tephritidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 59-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fa'alelei Tunupopo ◽  
Fai'ilagi Sa'ili ◽  
Lisa E. Jamieson ◽  
Samuel D.J. Brown
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Solanum Melongena ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Export Market ◽  
Artocarpus Altilis ◽  
Forced Air

Of the seven species of Bactrocera fruit flies found in Samoa, only two (B. kirki (Froggatt) and B. xanthodes (Broun)) are of economic importance. These species attack a range of fruit, including papaya (Carica papaya), breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis), eggplants (Solanum melongena) and citrus. The presence of these two species limits export market access for Samoan produce. Eggplants and breadfruit infested with the eggs of B. kirki and B. xanthodes, respectively, were treated using a high-temperature forced-air (HTFA) protocol to heat the fruits to core temperatures of 40oC, 42oC, 44oC or 46oC. No B. xanthodes pupae emerged from fruit treated at 42oC or greater. Pupae of B. kirki were found from fruit treated at temperatures up to 44oC, but failed to survive treatments at 46oC. The HTFA protocol previously approved for treatment of other Pacific fruit flies (fruit core temperature to 47.2oC for 20 min) works without modification for treatment of the two combinations of fruit flies and commodities tested. However, less intense HTFA treatments are worth investigating, if required to enhance fruit quality.

scholarly journals Host Suitability Index for Polyphagous Tephritid Fruit Flies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter A Follett ◽  
Fay E M Haynes ◽  
Bernard C Dominiak
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Host Suitability ◽  
Bactrocera Dorsalis ◽  
Infestation Rate ◽  
Suitability Index ◽  
Host Status ◽  
Tephritid Fruit Flies

Abstract Tephritid fruit flies are major economic pests for fruit production and are an impediment to international trade. Different host fruits are known to vary in their suitability for fruit flies to complete their life cycle. Currently, international regulatory standards that define the likely legal host status for tephritid fruit flies categorize fruits as a natural host, a conditional host, or a nonhost. For those fruits that are natural or conditional hosts, infestation rate can vary as a spectrum ranging from highly attractive fruits supporting large numbers of fruit flies to very poor hosts supporting low numbers. Here, we propose a Host Suitability Index (HSI), which divides the host status of natural and conditional hosts into five categories based on the log infestation rate (number of flies per kilogram of fruit) ranging from very poor (<0.1), poor (0.1–1.0), moderately good (1.0–10.0), good (10–100), and very good (>100). Infestation rates may be determined by field sampling or cage infestation studies. We illustrate the concept of this index using 21 papers that examine the host status of fruits in five species of polyphagous fruit flies in the Pacific region: Bactrocera tryoni Froggatt, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel), Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett), and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae). This general-purpose index may be useful in developing systems approaches that rely on poor host status, for determining surveillance and detection protocols for potential incursions, and to guide the appropriate regulatory response during fruit fly outbreaks.

scholarly journals Establishing criteria for the management of tephritid fruit fly outbreaks

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Ormsby
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Trade Restrictions ◽  
Export Restriction ◽  
Fly Control ◽  
Financial Impacts ◽  
Tephritid Fruit Flies

AbstractTephritid fruit flies (Diptera; Tephritidae) represent a group of insects that include some of the most economically important pests in horticulture. Because of their economic importance, the financial impacts of an incursion of tephritid fruit flies into a new area can often result in restrictions to trade. The economic impacts of any trade restrictions imposed by importing countries are confounded by the current absence of consistent and accepted criteria for the strength and extent of any trade restrictions and declaring the end of an incursion. The author has developed models that can be used to establish criteria for the management of tephritid fruit fly outbreaks as outlined in international standards. A model enables criteria on when to recognise an incursion has occurred and establish export restrictions. Another model determines what area or radius an export restriction zone (ERZ) should cover. And a third model establishes criteria for the conditions required to enable an ERZ to be rescinded and the area’s pest free status reinstated. The models rely primarily on fruit fly biology and the effectiveness of surveillance trapping systems. The adoption of these proposed criteria internationally for establishing a control system and responding to fruit fly outbreaks would provide considerable economic benefits to international trade. Additionally, these criteria would enable countries to make more informed cost–benefit decisions on the level of investment in fruit fly control systems that better reflects the economic risks fruit flies represent to their economy.

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