Comparison of Criteria of Susceptibility in the Response of Drosophila to Hydrocyanic Acid Gas: II. Recovery Time

1936 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. M. Broadbent ◽  
C. I. Bliss
Keyword(s):  
Recovery Time ◽  
Hydrocyanic Acid ◽  
Acid Gas

Narcosis and Asphyxiation in Some Species and Mutants of Drosophila

1942 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 238-254
Author(s):  
HANS KALMUS
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Hydrocyanic Acid ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Acid Gas ◽  
Recovery Curves ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Recovery Times ◽  
Quantitative Results ◽  
Different Parts

1. Narcosis and asphyxia in insects can be investigated by measuring the recovery time. This and other terms are defined, and suitable criteria of recovery are given. 2. Simple techniques for the etherizing and gassing of Drosophila batches are described and the validity of the quantitative results obtained is shown. 3. The recovery time is increased by the time of influx and by the concentration of the narcotic. The shapes of the curves obtained in experimental series are logarithmic (carbon dioxide asphyxiation), straight line (ether in some species), concave, convex or sigmoid (ether). It is suggested that the different forms of ether recovery curves are different parts of essentially similar curves, which one might explain by the joint action of two macrophases, one aqueous and one lipoid. 4. Physiological factors determining recovery times are: (a) sex: females recover earlier from ether narcosis than males; (b) age: young flies recover earlier than older ones; (c) lack of food and moisture, which increases the recovery timè; and (d) chemical reaction: flies kept on acid food remain longer narcotized than flies bred on an alkaline medium. 5. Carbon dioxide lengthens recovery from ether narcosis and hydrocyanic acid immobilization when applied before the influx time and shortens it when applied during recovery time. If administered during recovery, it also shortens the recovery from asphyxiation. 6. Carbon monoxide and coal gas administered before narcotization can shorten the recovery time from ether narcosis. 7. Under specified conditions corresponding to those, used during narcosis by Drosophila-workers some differences in recovery time after etherization due to genetical differences could be established. Significant differences also exist between some Drosophila species, races and mutants in their resistance to carbon dioxide, asphyxiation and hydrocyanic acid gas.

The Effect of Hydrocyanic Acid Gas upon Grains and Other Seeds

1901 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 241-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. O. Townsend
Keyword(s):  
Hydrocyanic Acid ◽  
Acid Gas

An Important Parasite of the Greenhouse White-fly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Westwood)

1927 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward R. Speyer
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Trialeurodes Vaporariorum ◽  
Hydrocyanic Acid ◽  
Encarsia Formosa ◽  
Single Female ◽  
Acid Gas ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chalcid Wasp ◽  
Important Parasite

1.—Encarsia formosa, Gahan, is a Chalcid wasp that parasitises the white-fly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Westw., a single female ovipositing in 50 or more young pupae of the host. The larvae of the parasite, on hatching from the egg, destroys the white-fly pupa, the skin of which becomes black in colour, thus distinguishing the parasitised pupa from the normal white scales and pupa of the white-fly.2.—The parasite is parthenogenetic, males, probably impotent, only appearing when temperatures are low.3.—The life-history of the parasite occupies at least 28 days, and adults may remain in the scales for some time before cutting their way out by a circular hole in the roof of the scale. The adult is capable of travelling over large areas in glasshouses.4.—Low temperatures militate seriously against the increase of the parasite, which is probably a tropical insect and has possibly been imported into this country from India.5.—Fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas, as practised commercially for the control of white-fly, does not affect the parasites.6.—The parasite is best distributed by detaching the black pupae of white-fly from the foliage, though 20 per cent, may be injured in this way. An almost complete emergence is obtained by cutting branches from plants and pinning them to the plants in houses where distribution is desired, but this involves risk of infecting the houses with various pests and diseases.

POISONING BY HYDROCYANIC ACID GAS

BMJ ◽  
1930 ◽  
Vol 1 (3605) ◽  
pp. 262-262
Author(s):  
J. R. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Hydrocyanic Acid ◽  
Acid Gas
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