First insights into the phylogeography and demographic history of the common hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Decapoda: Anomura: Paguridae) across the Eastern Atlantic and North Sea

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 435-449
Author(s):  
Sven Rossel ◽  
Temim Deli ◽  
Michael J Raupach
Keyword(s):  
Hermit Crab ◽  
Demographic History ◽  
Mitochondrial Gene ◽  
Demographic Trend ◽  
Significant Genetic Structure ◽  
History Of ◽  
Benthic Crustacean ◽  
The Common ◽  
Pagurus Bernhardus ◽  
First Time

Abstract The common hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus (Linnaeus, 1758) is an abundant and ecologically important benthic crustacean in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean. While this species has been intensively studied in terms of its ecology, physiology, behavior, and larval development, knowledge about its population structure and demographic history is still lacking. We examined, for the first time, the genetic variability of P. bernhardus by analyzing two mitochondrial gene fragments (CO1 and 16S) from more than 150 specimens collected from various locations from the Iberian Peninsula to Norway. Our results provide evidence for a significant genetic structure according to the sampled regions for both genetic markers. Furthermore, a comprehensive demographic history reconstruction, mainly based on neutrality tests and a Bayesian Skyline Plot (CO1), revealed a recent demographic expansion of P. bernhardus that preceded the Last Glacial Maximum. Such pattern of retrieved demographic trend could have been likely a successive process to historical contraction of the species into potential climate refugia within the surveyed geographic spectrum.

Genetic variability and demographic history of Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) populations from Brazil inferred by mtDNA sequences

2011 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.C. Albernaz ◽  
K.L. Silva-Brandão ◽  
P. Fresia ◽  
F.L. Cônsoli ◽  
C. Omoto
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Heliothis Virescens ◽  
Demographic History ◽  
Haplotype Diversity ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Haplotype Network ◽  
Demographic Expansion ◽  
Significant Genetic Structure ◽  
History Of

AbstractIntra- and inter-population genetic variability and the demographic history of Heliothis virescens (F.) populations were evaluated by using mtDNA markers (coxI, coxII and nad6) with samples from the major cotton- and soybean-producing regions in Brazil in the growing seasons 2007/08, 2008/09 and 2009/10. AMOVA indicated low and non-significant genetic structure, regardless of geographical scale, growing season or crop, with most of genetic variation occurring within populations. Clustering analyzes also indicated low genetic differentiation. The haplotype network obtained with combined datasets resulted in 35 haplotypes, with 28 exclusive occurrences, four of them sampled only from soybean fields. The minimum spanning network showed star-shaped structures typical of populations that underwent a recent demographic expansion. The recent expansion was supported by other demographic analyzes, such as the Bayesian skyline plot, the unimodal distribution of paired differences among mitochondrial sequences, and negative and significant values of neutrality tests for the Tajima's D and Fu's FS parameters. In addition, high values of haplotype diversity (Ĥ) and low values of nucleotide diversity (π), combined with a high number of low frequency haplotypes and values of θπ<θW, suggested a recent demographic expansion of H. virescens populations in Brazil. This demographic event could be responsible for the low genetic structure currently found; however, haplotypes present uniquely at the same geographic regions and from one specific host plant suggest an initial differentiation among H. virescens populations within Brazil.

Burke and Wills

2011 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Northern Australia ◽  
Common Assumption ◽  
Scientific Legacy ◽  
Scientific Investigations ◽  
Scientific Exploration ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
Scientific Value ◽  
First Time ◽  
Scientific Achievements

This book challenges the common assumption that little or nothing of scientific value was achieved during the Burke and Wills expedition. The Royal Society of Victoria initiated the Victorian Exploring Expedition as a serious scientific exploration of hitherto unexplored regions of inland and northern Australia. Members of the expedition were issued with detailed instructions on scientific measurements and observations to be carried out, covering about a dozen areas of science. The tragic ending of the expedition meant that most of the results of the scientific investigations were not reported or published. Burke and Wills: The Scientific Legacy of the Victorian Exploring Expedition rectifies this historic omission. It includes the original instructions as well as numerous paintings and drawings, documents the actual science undertaken as recorded in notebooks and diaries, and analyses the outcomes. It reveals for the first time the true extent and limits of the scientific achievements of both the Burke and Wills expedition and the various relief expeditions which followed. Importantly, this new book has led to a re-appraisal of the shortcomings and the successes of the journey. It will be a compelling read for all those interested in the history of exploration, science and natural history, as well as Australian history and heritage.

scholarly journals The demography of the Canary Islands from a genetic perspective

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa Fregel ◽  
Alejandra C Ordóñez ◽  
Javier G Serrano
Keyword(s):  
Canary Islands ◽  
Demographic History ◽  
American Continent ◽  
North African ◽  
European Colonization ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time ◽  
Canarian Archipelago ◽  
North African Origin

Abstract The establishment of European colonies across the world had important demographic consequences because it brought together diverse and distant civilizations for the first time. One clear example of this phenomenon is observed in the Canary Islands. The modern Canarian population is mainly the result of the admixture of natives of North African origin and European colonizers. However, additional migratory flows reached the islands due to the importation of enslaved Africans to cultivate sugarcane and the intense commercial contact with the American continent. In this review, we evaluate how the genetic analysis of indigenous, historical, and current populations has provided a glimpse into the Canary Islands’ complex genetic composition. We show that each island subpopulation’s characterization is needed to fully disentangle the demographic history of the Canarian archipelago. Finally, we discuss what research avenues remain to be explored to improve our knowledge of the impact that the European colonization had on its native population.

scholarly journals Independent evolutionary lineage of the clingfish Gobiesox adustus (Gobiesocidae) from Isla del Coco, Costa Rica

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (S1) ◽  
pp. S306-S319
Author(s):  
Eloísa Torres-Hernández ◽  
Isai Betancourt-Resendes ◽  
Píndaro Díaz-Jaimes ◽  
Arturo Angulo ◽  
Eduardo Espinoza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Mitochondrial Gene ◽  
Haplotype Network ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
Bayesian Skyline Plot ◽  
Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit ◽  
Marine Fauna ◽  
History Of ◽  
Demographic Patterns ◽  
First Time

Introduction: Isla del Coco is an important protected area for marine fauna in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. In this area, the species that inhabit the intertidal zone have been subject to few studies. One of the species inhabiting these areas is the clingfish Gobiesox adustus (Gobiesocidae). Objective: To analyze for the first time the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) of G. adustus’ population from Isla del Coco and compare it with those of continental coast of Costa Rica and Ecuador. Methods: We constructed a haplotype network for these samples. Genetic diversity, distance and structure were calculated by several software. The historical demography of Isla del Coco samples was assessed with the method Bayesian skyline plot as implemented in BEAST2. Results: The samples segregate into three haplogroups: one consisting of the Isla del Coco samples, a second consisting of a subset of the Ecuador samples, and a third consisting of Costa Rica and the remaining Ecuador samples. The genetic distances between the three haplogroups range between 1.6% and 2.1% (uncorrected p-distance), and pairwise ΦST and AMOVA results between the three haplogroups show high and significant values. Conclusions: The Isla del Coco haplogroup showed a Pleistocene population growth, which agrees with demographic patterns found in other marine organisms. The history of isolation of the G. adustus population from Isla del Coco demonstrates the evolutionary independence of this population.

The Revolution in Freedoms of Press and Speech

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendell Bird
Keyword(s):  
First Amendment ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Conventional View ◽  
The Press ◽  
History Of ◽  
Narrow Definition ◽  
The Common ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
First Time

This book discusses the revolutionary broadening of concepts of freedoms of press and speech in Great Britain and in America during the quarter century before the First Amendment and Fox’s Libel Act. The conventional view of the history of freedoms of press and speech is that the common law since antiquity defined those freedoms narrowly. In that view, Sir William Blackstone in 1769, and Lord Chief Justice Mansfield in 1770, faithfully summarized that common law in giving very narrow definitions of those freedoms as mere liberty from prior restraint and not as liberty from punishment after printing or speaking (the political crimes of seditious libel and seditious speech). Today, that view continues to be held by neo-Blackstonians, and remains dominant or at least very influential among historians. Neo-Blackstonians claim that the Framers used freedom of press “in a Blackstonian sense to mean a guarantee against previous restraints” with no protection against “subsequent restraints” (punishment) of seditious expression. Neo-Blackstonians further claim that “[n]o other definition of freedom of the press by anyone anywhere in America before 1798” existed. This book, by contrast, concludes that a broad definition and understanding of freedoms of press and speech was the dominant context of the First Amendment and of Fox’s Libel Act. Its basis is hundreds of examples of a broad understanding of freedoms of press and speech, in both Britain and America, in the late eighteenth century. For example, a book published in London in 1760 by a Scottish lawyer, George Wallace, stated that it is tyranny “to restrain the freedom of speculative disquisitions,” and because “men have a right to think for themselves, and to publish their thoughts,” it is “monstrous … under the pretext of the authority of laws, which ought never to have been enacted … attempting to restrain the liberty of the press” (seditious libel law). This book also challenges the conventional view of Blackstone and the neo-Blackstonians. Blackstone and Mansfield did not find any definition in the common law, but instead selected the narrowest definition in popular essays from the prior seventy years. Blackstone misdescribed it as an accepted common law definition, which in fact did not exist, and a year later Mansfield inserted a similar definition into the common law for the first time. Both misdescribed that narrow definition and the unique rules for prosecuting sedition as ancient. They were leading a counter-revolution, cloaked as a summary of a narrow and ancient common law doctrine that was neither.

scholarly journals CHINA’S INVOLVEMENT IN THE SYRIAN CRISIS AND THE IMPLICATIONS OF ITS NEUTRAL STANCE IN THE WAR

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-65
Author(s):  
Mohamad Zreik
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Minister ◽  
The United States ◽  
Syrian Crisis ◽  
Peaceful Settlement ◽  
History Of ◽  
China’S Foreign Policy ◽  
The Common ◽  
Global Arena ◽  
China Today ◽  
First Time

China today is a powerful state and an influential player in the global arena, as was demonstrated during the Syrian crisis, when China took a counterposition to the United States’ stance in Syria and supported the Assad regime. Beijing put a veto on the international resolutions related to the Syrian crisis and abstained from voting, as it did in the past when dealing with the crises in the region. In a move that marked a new page in China’s foreign policy, Beijing backed what was known as the sixpoint plan, calling for a ceasefire and settlement of the crisis through internal dialogue and proclaiming the inviolability of Syrian national sovereignty. In a subsequent move, China sent its envoy Li Huaqing (former Chinese ambassador to Syria) to Damascus to encourage the initiation of a dialogue between government forces and opposition. Following that, China sent Assistant Foreign Minister Zhang Ming (who had previously visited Egypt, Saudi Arabia and France) to the region to discuss ways of approaching the Syrian crisis. For the first time in its modern history, China renounced its policy of non-interference in crises outside its direct interests and immediate geopolitical space. The following paper will focus on China’s stance in the Syrian crisis (supporting its peaceful settlement and keeping equal distance from all the parties in the conflict) and the future of Sino-Syrian relations based on the common history of the two countries.

ON SOME FEATURES OF THE FORMATION OF THE ADYGHE LITERATURE

Kavkazologiya ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 194-207
Author(s):  
L.B. KHAVZHOKOVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Literary Process ◽  
History Of ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
The Common ◽  
First Time ◽  
Comprehensive Study

The article presents an overview study of the process of the origin and formation of the Adyghe (Kabardian, Circassian, Adygheyan) literatures, covering the period of the 19th – first half of the 20th century. The relevance of the topic is due to the need to clarify some points in the history of national literary literature, concerning the specifics of its formation, differentiation, periodization, etc. Here, for the first time, a comprehensive study of the common Adyghe literary process is carried out with an emphasis on the peculiarities of the development of the literatures of the Adyghe sub-ethnic groups. The purpose of the study is to recreate a holistic objective picture of the formation and primary development of the literature of an ethnic group. It is achieved by solving a set of tasks, including: defining the ideological and thematic orientation, studying the genre and style paradigm, identifying the specifics of the poetics of the Adygeyan literature of the period under consideration. A number of general scientific methods were involved in the study (generalization, analysis, synthesis, description). The results obtained can become a theoretical aid in the further study of the Kabardian, Circassian, Adygheyan literature. They can find practical application in the preparation of special courses, writing various kinds of research papers.

scholarly journals Female Portrait in Photography Art: from Authenticity to Modernity

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-96
Author(s):  
Svitlana Kotliar ◽  
Iryna Zaspa
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
The Past ◽  
Female Beauty ◽  
History Of Development ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
Distinct Features ◽  
First Time

The purpose of the research is to analyze female photo portrait, the concept of female beauty in photography, the history of the origin and formation of female portrait in photography. Moreover, the aim was to trace the common and distinct features of a female portrait from the past to nowadays. It was decided to establish a role of female photo portrait in the art of photography, to prove its peculiarity and importance. The research methodology consists of the following parts: theoretical – analysis of the female beauty concept in the photo portrait, history of female portrait development in photography, empirical – study of relationships between female portraits of different times, comparative – comparison of modern and authentic portraits. In the course of cognitive synthesis and generalization of distinctive and similar features of female photo portraits of different times, special features of the female portrait were determined. Scientific novelty. For the first time, the history and formation of female photo portrait from authenticity to the nowadays were analyzed. The analysis was conducted based on photo portraits researches of different times. A detailed analysis of factors influencing the formation of this genre of photography was carried out. With the help of the theoretical analysis, the factors influencing the development of the female photo portrait were determined, its specifics and features were outlined. Conclusions. In the course of the article, we analyzed female portrait in photography and the concept of female beauty in different periods. With the help of the analysis of the history of development and formation of the female portrait photography genre, its role in the art of photography has been established. Peculiarities of female photo portrait as a genre of the art of photography were determined. Its peculiarity and importance have been proved. The factors influencing the concept of female beauty in photography, the development of female portrait and its features have been generalized.

Rescuing Psychoanalysis from Freud: The Common Project of Stekel, Jung and Ferenczi

2006 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter L. Rudnytsky
Keyword(s):  
Final Section ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
The Third ◽  
Psychological Analysis ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
Key Events ◽  
First Time ◽  
Extended Discussion

This article offers an extended discussion of Wilhelm Stekel's ‘On the History of the Analytic Movement’ (1926), published in English translation for the first time in Psychoanalysis and History 7(1) in 2005. It begins with a critique of the presentation of Stekel's text by Jaap Bos,who takes a purely rhetorical approach that seeks to exclude a psychological analysis of the author's motives. Bos's characterization of Stekel is likewise contested as unduly negative in crucial respects. The second section argues that it remains the task of the historian to search for truth. Attacks on the credibility of Jung by Harold Blum and Kurt Eissler are shown to reflect a bias that causes them to neglect the empirical evidence corroborating Jung's testimony concerning key events in his relationship to Freud. The third section lays out the numerous ways in which Stekel, Jung and Ferenczi independently arrived at remarkably similar judgements concerning Freud's character, and how his human failings exerted a harmful effect on the development of psychoanalysis. The final section moves to a discussion of how Stekel joins with Jung and Ferenczi in defining a common project of rescuing what is best in psychoanalysis from Freud's demands for personal loyalty and his attempts to subjugate his followers to intellectual tyranny.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document