Impact of exosome-mediated feto-maternal interactions on pregnancy maintenance and development of obstetric complications

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayako Hashimoto ◽  
Kei Sugiura ◽  
Ayuko Hoshino
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Embryo Implantation ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Successful Pregnancy ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Secreted Factors ◽  
Maternal Immune System ◽  
Immune System Cell ◽  
System Cell

Summary Pregnancy is an immunological paradox, a phenomenon in which the fetus and the placenta, containing foreign antigens to the mother, develop without inducing rejection by the maternal immune system. Cell-to-cell communication between the fetus and the mother is mediated by secreted factors such as cytokines, hormones and extracellular vesicles (EVs) for a successful pregnancy and to avoiding rejection. Exosomes, the smallest of EVs, are released extracellularly, where they are taken up by proximal or distant recipient cells. Here, we discuss the role of EVs, especially exosomes in feto-maternal communication during pregnancy. This review will provide an overview of the functional roles exosomes may play during embryo implantation, modulating immune responses during pregnancy and the onset of labor. Moreover, we will discuss exosome function in obstetric pathology, and the development of pregnancy-associated complications such as preeclampsia and preterm birth as well as the biomarker potential of exosomes for detecting such conditions.

scholarly journals Emerging Role of Exosomes in Tuberculosis: From Immunity Regulations to Vaccine and Immunotherapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yin-Fu Sun ◽  
Jiang Pi ◽  
Jun-Fa Xu
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Immune Modulation ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Recent Research Progress

Exosomes are cell-derived nanovesicles carrying protein, lipid, and nucleic acid for secreting cells, and act as significant signal transport vectors for cell-cell communication and immune modulation. Immune-cell-derived exosomes have been found to contain molecules involved in immunological pathways, such as MHCII, cytokines, and pathogenic antigens. Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), remains one of the most fatal infectious diseases. The pathogen for tuberculosis escapes the immune defense and continues to replicate despite rigorous and complicate host cell mechanisms. The infected-cell-derived exosomes under this circumstance are found to trigger different immune responses, such as inflammation, antigen presentation, and activate subsequent pathways, highlighting the critical role of exosomes in anti-MTB immune response. Additionally, as a novel kind of delivery system, exosomes show potential in developing new vaccination and treatment of tuberculosis. We here summarize recent research progress regarding exosomes in the immune environment during MTB infection, and further discuss the potential of exosomes as delivery system for novel anti-MTB vaccines and therapies.

scholarly journals MiRNAs in the Peri-Implantation Period: Contribution to Embryo–Maternal Communication in Pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 2229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika M. Kaczmarek ◽  
Joanna Najmula ◽  
Maria M. Guzewska ◽  
Emilia Przygrodzka
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Embryo Implantation ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
The Past ◽  
Domestic Livestock ◽  
Implantation Period

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute a large family of noncoding RNAs, approximately 22 nucleotides long, which function as guide molecules in RNA silencing. Targeting most protein-coding transcripts, miRNAs are involved in nearly all developmental and pathophysiological processes in animals. To date, the regulatory roles of miRNAs in reproduction, such as fertilization, embryo development, implantation, and placenta formation, among others, have been demonstrated in numerous mammalian species, including domestic livestock such as pigs. Over the past years, it appeared that understanding the functions of miRNAs in mammalian reproduction can substantially improve our understanding of the biological challenges of successful reproductive performance. This review describes the current knowledge on miRNAs, specifically in relation to the peri-implantation period when the majority of embryonic mortality occurs in pigs. To present a broader picture of crucial peri-implantation events, we focus on the role of miRNA-processing machinery and miRNA–mRNA infarctions during the maternal recognition of pregnancy, leading to maintenance of the corpus luteum function and further embryo implantation. Furthermore, we summarize the current knowledge on cell-to-cell communication involving extracellular vesicles at the embryo–maternal interface in pigs. Finally, we discuss the potential of circulating miRNAs to serve as indicators of ongoing embryo–maternal crosstalk.

scholarly journals Decidual Interleukin-22-Producing CD4+ T Cells (Th17/Th0/IL-22+ and Th17/Th2/IL-22+, Th2/IL-22+, Th0/IL-22+), Which Also Produce IL-4, Are Involved in the Success of Pregnancy

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federica Logiodice ◽  
Letizia Lombardelli ◽  
Ornela Kullolli ◽  
Herman Haller ◽  
Enrico Maggi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Embryo Implantation ◽  
Implantation Site ◽  
Cd4 Cells ◽  
Pathogenic Role ◽  
Successful Pregnancy ◽  
Interleukin 22 ◽  
Ifn Γ

Trophoblast expressing paternal HLA-C resembles a semiallograft, and could be rejected by maternal T cells. IL-22 seems to be involved in allograft rejection and thus could be responsible for miscarriages. We examined the role of decidual IL-22-producing CD4+ T on human pregnancy. In those experiencing successful pregnancy and those experiencing unexplained recurrent abortion (URA), the levels of IL-22 produced by decidual CD4+ T cells are higher than those of peripheral blood T cells. We found a correlation of IL-22 and IL-4 produced by decidual CD4+ T cells in those experiencing successful pregnancy, not in those experiencing URA. The correlation of IL-22 and IL-4 was also found in the serum of successful pregnancy. A prevalence of CD4+ T cells producing IL-22 and IL-4 (Th17/Th2/IL-22+, Th17/Th0/IL-22+, Th17/Th2/IL-22+, and Th0/IL-22+ cells) was observed in decidua of those experiencing successful pregnancy, whereas Th17/Th1/IL-22+ cells, which do not produce IL-4, are prevalent in those experiencing URA. Th17/Th2/IL-22+ and Th17/Th0/IL-22+ cells are exclusively present at the embryo implantation site where IL-4, GATA-3, IL-17A, ROR-C, IL-22, and AHR mRNA are expressed. T-bet and IFN-γ mRNA are found away from the implantation site. There is no pathogenic role of IL-22 when IL-4 is also produced by decidual CD4+ cells. Th17/Th2/IL-22+ and Th17/Th0/IL-22+ cells seem to be crucial for embryo implantation.

scholarly journals Tetraspanin CD9 regulates invasion during mouse embryo implantation

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
W M Liu ◽  
Y J Cao ◽  
Y J Yang ◽  
J Li ◽  
Z Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Embryo Implantation ◽  
Specific Inhibitor ◽  
Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Phosphoinositide 3 Kinase ◽  
Dose Dependent

The expression of tetraspanin CD9 was found on blastocysts in mice and endometrium epithelial cells in human and bovine. However, it remains unknown how CD9 is involved in the precise dialogue between embryo and uterus during early pregnancy. This study was designed to investigate the functional roles of CD9 in the embryo implantation with monoclonal antibody against CD9 protein (anti-CD9 mAb) and antisense oligonucleotide against CD9 gene (AS-CD9). Our results showed that intrauterine injection of anti-CD9 mAb on day 4 of pregnancy significantly increased the number of embryos implanted (7.24±0.39 versus 4.04±0.38). In vitro, anti-CD9 mAb or AS-CD9 significantly enhanced embryo-outgrowth ability on the monolayer of uterus epithelial cells in a dose-dependent manner. However, the attachment of blastocysts to epithelial cells was unaffected. Furthermore, we found that anti-CD9 mAb or AS-CD9 stimulated matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) production of blastocysts on Fibronectin. LY294002, a specific inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinase, was able to counteract the effect of anti-CD9 mAb and AS-CD9 on outgrowth ability and production of MMP-2. Our results indicated that CD9 played a role of inhibiting embryo implantation. CD9 was able to impair embryo invasion and the production of MMP-2 through the phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling pathway.

scholarly journals Cyclo(Phe-Pro) Produced by the Human Pathogen Vibrio vulnificus Inhibits Host Innate Immune Responses through the NF-κB Pathway

2015 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 1150-1161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiwan Kim ◽  
Na-Jeong Kim ◽  
So Young Kim ◽  
In Hwang Kim ◽  
Kun-Soo Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Vibrio Vulnificus ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Human Pathogen ◽  
Causative Gene ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Iκb Kinase

Cyclo(Phe-Pro) (cFP) is a secondary metabolite produced by certain bacteria and fungi. Although recent studies highlight the role of cFP in cell-to-cell communication by bacteria, its role in the context of the host immune response is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the role of cFP produced by the human pathogenVibrio vulnificusin the modulation of innate immune responses toward the pathogen. cFP suppressed the production of proinflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide, and reactive oxygen species in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated monocyte/macrophage cell line and in bone marrow-derived macrophages. Specifically, cFP inhibited inhibitory κB (IκB) kinase (IKK) phosphorylation, IκBα degradation, and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) translocation to the cell nucleus, indicating that cFP affects the NF-κB pathway. We searched for genes that are responsible for cFP production inV. vulnificusand identified VVMO6_03017 as a causative gene. A deletion of VVMO6_03017 diminished cFP production and decreased virulence in subcutaneously inoculated mice. In summary, cFP produced byV. vulnificusactively suppresses the innate immune responses of the host, thereby facilitating its survival and propagation in the host environment.

scholarly journals The Role of IL-36 in Infectious Diseases: Potential Target for COVID-19?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaofang Wang ◽  
Panpan Yi ◽  
Yuejin Liang
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Cellular Expression ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

IL-36 is a member of the interleukin 1 cytokine family, which is currently experiencing a renaissance due to the growing understanding of its context-dependent roles and advances in our understanding of the inflammatory response. The immunological role of IL-36 has revealed its profound and indispensable functional roles in psoriasis, as well as in several inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and cancer. More recently, an increasing body of evidence suggests that IL-36 plays a crucial role in viral, bacterial and fungal infections. There is a growing interest as to whether IL-36 contributes to host protective immune responses against infection as well as the potential implications of IL-36 for the development of new therapeutic strategies. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in understanding cellular expression, regulatory mechanisms and biological roles of IL-36 in infectious diseases, which suggest more specific strategies to maneuver IL-36 as a diagnostic or therapeutic target, especially in COVID-19.

Alcoholism as a factor of development and spread of diseases (analytical review)

10.12737/7592 ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Курылев ◽  
V. Kurylev ◽  
Успенская ◽  
O. Uspenskaya ◽  
Потемина ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Antisocial Behaviour ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Immune System Cell ◽  
Analytical Review ◽  
Excessive Alcohol ◽  
System Cell ◽  
Modulation Of Gene Expression

This review presents the modern medical views on the nature of alcoholism and its effect on the development and spread of various diseases. The article characterizes alcoholism pathogenesis on the molecular level, presents the evidence on the disorders of carbohydrate metabolism, immune system, cell death, modulation of mitochondrial permeability and modulation of gene expression due to the alcoholic effect. Alcohol is caracte-rized as a root cause of development and progression of infectious diseases (tuberculosis, pneumonia), cancer, diabetes, nervous system diseases (alcoholic polyneuropathy, Wernicke´s encephalopathy), cardiovascular dis-eases (essential hypertension, ischemic heart disease), hepatic and pancreatic diseases. The review also focuses on the role of the alcohol in the spread of sexually transmitted infections such as syphilis, chlamydial infection, ureaplasma infection, gonorrhea, HIV, herpes simplex, trichomoniasis. The influence of several factors was detected. The first factor relates to the changes occurring in organism as a result of excessive alcohol con-sumption - in particular, to the weakening of the immune system and / or a decrease in the effectiveness of treatment. Another factor dismissed due to antisocial behaviour, often associated with individuals suffering from alcohol dependence

scholarly journals The Role of Toll-Like Receptors in Retroviral Infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1787
Author(s):  
Edward P. Browne
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Retroviral Infection ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Growing Body

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key pathogen sensing receptors that respond to diverse microbial ligands, and trigger both innate and adaptive immune responses to infection. Since their discovery, a growing body of evidence has pointed to an important role for TLRs in retroviral infection and pathogenesis. These data suggest that multiple TLRs contribute to the anti-retroviral response, and that TLR engagement by retroviruses can have complex and divergent outcomes for infection. Despite this progress, numerous questions remain about the role of TLRs in retroviral infection. In this review, I summarize existing evidence for TLR-retrovirus interactions and the functional roles these receptors play in immunity and pathogenesis, with particular focus on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

scholarly journals Nucleic Acid Sensing in the Tumor Vasculature

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian M. Baris ◽  
Eugenia Fraile-Bethencourt ◽  
Sudarshan Anand
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Tumor Vasculature ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Tumor Endothelium ◽  
Immunosuppressive Microenvironment ◽  
Unique Ability ◽  
Acid Sensors

Endothelial cells form a powerful interface between tissues and immune cells. In fact, one of the underappreciated roles of endothelial cells is to orchestrate immune attention to specific sites. Tumor endothelial cells have a unique ability to dampen the immune responses and thereby maintain an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Recent approaches to trigger immune responses in cancers have focused on activating nucleic acid sensors such as cGAS/STING in combination with immunotherapies. In this review, we present a case for targeting nucleic acid sensing pathways within the tumor vasculature to invigorate tumor immune responses. We introduce two specific nucleic acid sensors, the DNA sensor TREX1 and the RNA sensor RIG-I and discuss their functional roles in the vasculature. Finally, we present perspectives on how these nucleic acid sensors in the tumor endothelium can be targeted in an antiangiogenic and immune activation context. We believe understanding the role of nucleic acid sensing in the tumor vasculature can enhance our ability to design more effective therapies targeting the tumor microenvironment.

Role of convalescent plasma therapy in new Coronavirus disease (nCOVID-19): A review

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 546-549
Author(s):  
Shweta Dadarao Parwe ◽  
Milind Abhimanyu Nisargandha ◽  
Rishikesh Thakre
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Indian Population ◽  
Preventive Treatment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Therapeutic Antibodies ◽  
Plasma Therapy ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Transparent Liquid

Hitherto, there is no proper line of treatment for the new (nCOVID19). The development of unique antiviral drugs has taken precedence. Therapeutic antibodies () will be a significantly beneficial agent against nCOVID-19. Here the host immune responses to new discussed in this review provide strategy and further treatment and understanding of clinical interventions against nCOVID-19. Plasma therapy uses the antibodies found in the blood of people recovering (or convalesced) from an infection to treat infected patients. When an infection occurs, the body begins producing proteins specially made to kill the germ, called antibodies. Those antibodies coat specifically plasma in the blood of survivors, the yellow transparent liquid blood portion for months or even years. research assesses plasma use from Convalescent patients of infected with nCOVID-19 as a possible preventive treatment. But it is not yet recommended as a line of treatment, and it is used as a clinical trial in the new in Indian population.

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