Influence of amount and frequency of protein supplementation to steers consuming low-quality, cool-season forage: Intake, nutrient digestibility, and ruminal fermentation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno I Cappellozza ◽  
David W Bohnert ◽  
Maria M Reis ◽  
Kendall C Swanson ◽  
Stephanie J Falck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Linear Effect

Abstract This experiment evaluated the influence of protein supplementation frequency (SF) and amount offered on intake, nutrient digestibility, and ruminal fermentation by rumen-fistulated beef steers consuming low-quality [2.9% crude protein (CP); dry matter (DM) basis], cool-season forage. Seven Angus × Hereford steers (300 ± 27 kg) fitted with ruminal cannulas were randomly assigned to 1 of 7 treatments in an incomplete 7 × 4 Latin square. Treatments, in a 2 × 3 factorial design plus a non-supplemented control (CON), consisted of 2 levels of supplemental soybean meal, 100% (F) or 50% (H) of the estimated rumen-degradable protein requirement, provided daily (D), once every 5 d (5D), or once every 10 d (10D). Experimental periods were 30 d and dry matter intake (DMI) was measured from d 19 to 28. On d 21 (all supplements provided) and 30 (only daily supplements provided; day immediately prior to supplementation for 5D and 10D treatments) ruminal fluid was collected for ruminal pH, ammonia-N (NH3), volatile fatty acids (VFA), and determination of ruminal fermentation variables. Forage and total DM, organic matter (OM), and nitrogen (N) intake increased with supplementation (P ≤ 0.04). However, a linear effect of SF × amount of supplement interaction was observed for forage and total DM, OM, and N intake (P ≤ 0.04), with each variable decreasing as SF decreased, but the decrease being greater with F vs. H. Apparent total tract DM, OM, and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility was not affected by supplementation or amount of supplement provided (P ≥ 0.10). In contrast, N digestibility increased with supplementation and for F vs. H (P < 0.01). Digestibility of DM, OM, and N increased linearly as SF decreased (P ≤ 0.03). When all supplements were provided, ruminal NH3, total VFA, and molar proportions of all individual VFA increased with supplementation (P ≤ 0.04), whereas acetate:propionate ratio decreased (P < 0.01). When only daily supplements were provided, none of the aforementioned fermentation parameters were affected (P ≥ 0.09). In summary, reducing the amount of supplemental CP provided to ruminants consuming low-quality forages, when supplementation intervals are greater than 5 d, can be a management tool to maintain acceptable levels of DMI, nutrient digestibility, and ruminal fermentation while reducing supplementation cost.

scholarly journals Dietary rambutan peel powder as a rumen modifier in beef cattle

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 763-769
Author(s):  
Thiwakorn Ampapon ◽  
Metha Wanapat
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Napier Grass ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Fruit Peel ◽  
Negative Effect

Objective: The experiment was conducted to study the effect of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) fruit peel powder (RP) on feed consumption, digestibility of nutrients, ruminal fermentation dynamics and microbial population in Thai breed cattle.Methods: Four, 2-year old (250±15 kg) beef bull crossbreds (75% Brahman×25% local breed) were allotted to experimental treatments using a 4×4 Latin square design. Four dietary supplementation treatments were imposed; non-supplementation (control, T1); supplementation of RP fed at 2% of dry matter intake (DMI) (low, T2); supplementation of RP fed at 4% of DMI (medium, T3) and supplementation of RP fed at 6% of DMI (high, T4). All cattle were given a concentrate supplement at 1% of body weight while Napier grass was provided as a free choice.Results: The findings revealed that RP supplementation did not negatively affect (p>0.05) DMI of Napier grass, while RP intake and total DMI were the greatest in the RP supplementation at 4% and 6% DMI. Nevertheless, the nutrients (dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber) digestibilities were not changed in the RP supplementation groups. Rumen fermentation parameters especially those of total volatile fatty acids, acetate and butyrate were not significantly changed. However, the propionate concentration was remarkably increased (p<0.05) in the RP supplementation. Notably, the ratio of acetate to propionate, the number of protozoa, as well as the methane estimation were significantly reduced in the RP supplemented groups (4% and 6% of DMI), while the counts of bacteria was not altered.Conclusion: Supplementation of RP (4% of DMI) improved rumen propionate production, reduced protozoal population and methane estimation (p<0.05) without a negative effect on feed consumption and nutrients total tract digestibilities in beef cattle. Using dietary rambutan fruit peel powder has potential promise as a rumen regulator.

scholarly journals Concentrate containing calcium salts of fatty acids rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids can change rumen fermentation in grazing goats

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 2621
Author(s):  
Ludmila Couto Gomes ◽  
Claudete Regina Alcalde ◽  
Julio Cesar Damasceno ◽  
Luiz Paulo Rigolon ◽  
Ana Paula Silva Possamai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Calcium Salts ◽  
Linear Effect ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Ruminal Ph

Feeding goats with calcium salts of fatty acids (CSFA) can supply ruminants with lipids, with minimal effects on ruminal fermentation and fiber digestibility. However, there is a shortage of information on the effect of CSFA on characteristics of rumen fermentation in grassland goats. Thus, the present study aimed to assess the addition of CSFA to concentrate on the parameters of rumen fermentation of grazing goats. Five rumen cannulated goats were distributed in a Latin square 5x5 design (treatments: 0%, 1.5%, 3.0%, 4.5% and 6.0% CSFA. The pH, ammonia N and volatile fatty acids (VFA) content were analyzed in the ruminal fluid at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours after concentrate supplementation. The pH and ammonia N concentration showed a linear effect with the addition of CSFA. There was no effect observed for the VFA molar concentration after grazing goats were fed with the experimental diet. In conclusion, further research is needed to investigate the addition of CSFA to goat diets because there is evidence that CSFA increases ruminal pH and decreases excess ruminal ammonia without changing the VFA concentration in the rumen fluid.

scholarly journals Using glycerin with chitosan extracted from shrimp residue to enhance rumen fermentation and feed use in native Thai bulls

2021 ◽  
pp. 1158-1164
Author(s):  
Anuthida Seankamsorn ◽  
Anusorn Cherdthong ◽  
Sarong So ◽  
Metha Wanapat
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Crude Glycerin ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Design Factor ◽  
Ch4 Production ◽  
High Level

Background and Aim: Crude glycerin is changed to propionate in the rumen, while chitosan can be used as a feed supplement to increase propionic acid concentration and decrease methane (CH4) production. We hypothesized that supplementation with a combination of a high level of crude glycerin with chitosan could have a beneficial effect on ruminal fermentation and mitigate CH4 production. This study aimed to explore the combined effects of crude glycerin and chitosan supplementation on nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, and CH4 calculation in native Thai bulls. Materials and Methods: Four 2-year-old native Thai bulls, weighing 150±20 kg, were kept in a 2×2 factorial arrangement in a 4×4 Latin square design. Factor A represented the incorporation of crude glycerin at 10.5% and 21% of the dry matter (DM) of a total mixed ration (TMR), and factor B represented the supplementation of chitosan at 1% and 2% DM of a TMR. Results: Increasing levels of crude glycerin at 21% decreased DM intake by 0.62 kg/day compared with 10.5% crude glycerin (p<0.05), whereas nutrient digestibility did not change (p>0.05). The incorporated crude glycerin and supplemented chitosan levels did not affect the pH, temperature, concentrations of ammonia-nitrogen, microbial population, and blood urea nitrogen (p>0.05). Supplemented chitosan and incorporated crude glycerin did not show any interaction effects on the molar portions and total volatile fatty acids (VFAs), except estimated CH4. Increasing the incorporated crude glycerin levels increased propionate and decreased the ratio of acetate to propionate ratio, whereas levels of butyrate, acetate, and total VFAs were unchanged. The combination of crude glycerin at 21% in the TMR with chitosan at 2% reduced CH4 estimation by 5.08% compared with the other feed treatment. Conclusion: Increasing incorporated crude glycerin levels in a TMR significantly elevated the propionate concentration, whereas combining 21% crude glycerin in the TMR diet with 2% chitosan supplementation could depress CH4 estimation more effectively than adding one of these supplements alone.

scholarly journals Effects of source and concentration of neutral detergent fiber from roughage in beef cattle diets on feed intake, ingestive behavior, and ruminal kinetics

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo S Goulart ◽  
Ricardo A M Vieira ◽  
Joao L P Daniel ◽  
Rafael C Amaral ◽  
Vanessa P Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Ingestive Behavior ◽  
Rumen Content ◽  
Residence Times

Abstract The objectives of this research were to evaluate the effects of source and concentration of α-amylase-treated neutral detergent fiber (aNDF) from roughage on feed intake, ingestive behavior, and ruminal kinetics in beef cattle receiving high-concentrate diets. Six ruminally cannulated Nellore steers (408 ± 12 kg of body weight) were randomly assigned to a 6 × 6 Latin square design with six diets: 10% aNDF from corn silage (10CS); 20% aNDF from corn silage (20CS); or four diets containing 10% aNDF from corn silage and 10% aNDF from one of the following sources: sugarcane (SC), sugarcane bagasse (SCB), soybean hulls (SH), or low oil cottonseed hulls (LOCH). The parameters of passage and degradation kinetics were estimated based on a two-compartmental model with gamma- and exponential-distributed residence times. The nonlinear models were fitted by nonlinear least squares, and a linear mixed-effects model was fitted to all variables measured from the Latin square design that were related to intake, digestibility, digestion kinetic parameters, and residence times. Mean particle size (MPS) between roughage sources (CS, SCB, and SC) and coproducts (SH and LOCH) was affected (P &lt; 0.05). Dry matter intake (DMI) was not affected (P &gt; 0.05) by 20CS, SC, SH, or LOCH. Steers fed 20CS or LOCH diets had 16% and 20% greater DMI, respectively, (P &lt; 0.05) than steers fed 10CS diet. Steers fed SCB consumed the least dry matter (DM). The SH and LOCH diets had lower MPS values (about 8.77 mm) in comparison to 20CS, SCB, and SC diets (about 13.08 mm) and, consequently, affected (P &lt; 0.05) rumen content, ruminal in situ disappearance, nutrient digestibility, and solid fractional passage rate. Chewing time was affected (P &lt; 0.05) by roughage sources and concentration. Lower values of distance travel inside the rumen (min/cm) were observed (P &lt; 0.05) for the SCB and SC diets in comparison with any other diet. Except for SCB, there was no difference (P &gt; 0.05) in rumen fill, among other treatments. Mean daily ruminal pH was not affected (P &gt; 0.05) by 20CS, SCB, SC, and LOCH diets, and it ranged from 6.1 to 6.23. Total short-chain fatty acids concentration was affected (P &lt; 0.05) by roughage source and concentration. Based on our results, we recommend that under Brazilian finishing diets, replacing roughage sources, except for SCB, based on aNDF concentration of the roughage in high-concentrate diets containing finely ground flint corn does not affect DMI.

scholarly journals Nutritional value of high moisture corn silage in the diet of Holstein cows

2014 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 1495-1503 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Persichetti Júnior ◽  
G.A. Almeida Júnior ◽  
C. Costa ◽  
P.R.L. Meirelles ◽  
J.P.F. Silveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Linear Effect ◽  
Five Phases ◽  
High Moisture Corn

Five Holstein cows were distributed in a 5x5 latin square design to assess the effect of replacement levels of dry ground corn grain (DGCG) by high moisture corn silage (HMCS) on intake, total nutrient digestibility and plasma glucose, according to the following treatments: 1) 100% DGCG; 2) 75% DGCG and 25% HMCS; 3) 50% DGCG and 50% HMCS; 4) 25% DGCG and 75% HMCS; 5) 100% HMCS. The experiment lasted 70 days, divided into five phases of 14 days each. The digestibility was obtained using chromic oxide (Cr2O3) as the indicator. Fecal samples were collected twice daily and blood samples were collected on the last day of each period before the first meal (0h) and 2h, 4h, 6h and 12h after the meal. There was no effect (P>0.05) on the intake of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and starch. The total apparent digestibility of DM, crude protein (CP), NDF and ADF were not affected (P>0.05) by the treatments, as well as the plasma glucose concentration. However, there was a decreased linear effect (P<0.05) for the protein intake and increased linear effect (P<0.05) for starch digestibility, as the level of HMCS was increased in the diets.

scholarly journals Effects of Black Wattle (Acacia mearnsii) Condensed Tannins on Intake, Protozoa Population, Ruminal Fermentation, and Nutrient Digestibility in Jersey Steers

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andre S. Avila ◽  
Maximiliane A. Zambom ◽  
Andressa Faccenda ◽  
Maria L. Fischer ◽  
Fernando A. Anschau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Acacia Mearnsii ◽  
Black Wattle

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of inclusion of condensed tannins (CT) from black wattle (Acacia mearnsii) on feed intake, ruminal protozoa population, ruminal fermentation, and nutrient digestibility in Jersey steers. Five ruminally-cannulated steers were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square design, with five periods of 20 days each (14 days for diet adaptation and six days for sample collection per period). Treatments were composed of dietary inclusion levels of condensed tannins at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 g/kg of diet dry matter. Intakes of dry matter, organic matter, ether extract, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and total digestible nutrients were not affected by condensed tannins. The ruminal pH was reduced linearly with tannin levels. Ruminal ammonia nitrogen concentration was not affected by tannins. Tannins reduced the molar proportion of acetate and did not affect the ruminal protozoal population, which might be related to the low doses used. Digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, and neutral detergent fiber were not altered; however, there was a linear reduction in crude protein digestibility. Based on these results, CT extracts from black wattle are not recommended for improving nutrient utilization in steers at the tested levels.

scholarly journals Characteristics of Nutrition, Growth, Carcass and Meat of Male Goats Fed Babassu Mesocarp Flour

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 288
Author(s):  
Aylpy R. D. Santos ◽  
Jarlyanne N. C. Souza ◽  
Henrique N. Parente ◽  
Graziele S. Oliveira ◽  
Karlyene S. Rocha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
Linear Effect ◽  
Dressing Percentage ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Twenty-eight Boer × Saanen castrated male goats (21.6 ± 3.0 kg of initial body weigh) were distributed in a randomized complete block design to evaluate the effects of increasing levels (0, 100, 200 or 300 g/kg, in dry matter basis) of dietary babassu mesocarp flour (BMF) on performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics, and meat physical and chemical composition. When significant treatment effects were found, data were submitted to orthogonal polynomials for treatment responses. BMF did not change the intake and digestibility of dry matter and crude protein. However, it increased linearly the total carbohydrates intake (p = 0.013), neutral detergent fiber intake (p < 0.001) and digestibility (p = 0.027), while it decreased linearly the intake of non-fibrous carbohydrates (p < 0.001) and ether extract (p < 0.001), without changing their digestibility (p > 0.05). The dressing percentage (p = 0.003) and rib eye area (p = 0.024) had a quadratic effect with increasing levels of BMF. The total gastrointestinal weight (TGI) had an increased linear effect (p = 0.001), while the proportion of rumen (p = 0.010), omasum (p < 0.001) and abomasum (p = 0.001) increased linearly with BMF addition. The same effects were presented in leg weight (p = 0.045) and muscle weight (p = 0.049). Weight and yields of commercial cuts and meat physicochemical composition did not change (p > 0.05) with inclusion levels of BMF. The addition of babassu mesocarp flour up to 200 g/kg in the diet of male goat can improve the dressing percentage without major changes in meat physical and chemical traits, representing an attractive alternative feed.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF CONCENTRATE ON THE DIGESTION OF BROMEGRASS CONSTITUENTS

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 935-944 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. K. FRANKLIN ◽  
J. E. WINCH ◽  
G. K. MACLEOD
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Wall Components

A nylon bag technique was used to study the effect of concentrate feeding on the rate and extent of digestion of bromegrass constituents in eight fistulated sheep fed rations at or slightly above maintenance, at concentrate to bromegrass ratios of 3:97, 22:78, 44:56 and 66:34. The eight sheep were arranged in a double 4 × 4 latin square design with nylon bag incubation times of 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h. Rations containing 44 and 66% concentrate depressed rumen digestion of bromegrass dry matter at both 24- and 48-h incubation times. The extent of digestion depression varied among sheep and was related to the animal's ability to buffer increases in rumen acidity. Digestibilities of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, cellulose and hemicellulose followed trends similar to that of dry matter. Rumen osmolality, total volatile fatty acids and ammonia levels appeared to have little relationship to bromegrass dry matter digestion. The apparent or total gut digestibility of cell wall components was not depressed. This suggested that additional digestion took place in the ileum, cecum and colon and that the proportion of concentrate supplementation may affect ruminal but not the total gut utilization of roughage at maintenance levels of intake.

Effect of dietary lipid inclusion from byproduct-based pellets on dry matter intake, ruminal fermentation, and nutrient digestion in finishing beef heifers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faustin Joy ◽  
Jordan A Johnson ◽  
Paweł Górka ◽  
John McKinnon ◽  
Steve Hendrick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Dietary Lipid ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Lipid Inclusion ◽  
High Lipid ◽  
Dietary Treatments

This study was designed to evaluate dry matter intake (DMI), ruminal fermentation, ruminal digesta outflow, omasal flow of N constituents, and ruminal and total-tract digestibility in response to increasing dietary lipid content derived from high-lipid byproduct-based pellets for finishing beef cattle. Five ruminally cannulated heifers were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. Dietary treatments were iso-nitrogenous with increasing ether extract (EE) concentrations resulting in dietary concentrations of 3.5, 4.2, 4.7, 5.1 and 5.9% of dry matter. Periods were 28 d in duration with the first 19 d used for dietary adaptation and the last 9 d for sample and data collection. Dry matter intake, ruminal pH, omasal flow of N constituents, and SCFA concentrations were not affected by increasing dietary EE content (P ≥ 0.10). Increasing dietary EE content increased outflow of EE from the rumen (P < 0.001). Apparent ruminal and total-tract digestibility of EE increased linearly (P ≤ 0.03) with increasing dietary EE levels. Results indicate that increasing dietary EE content from 3.5 up to 5.9% of DM by including high-lipid byproduct-based pellets does not alter site of nutrient digestibility with no negative effects on nutrient intake, ruminal fermentation, or apparent ruminal and total-tract digestibility.

Effect of Tween 80 and salinomycin on ruminal fermentation and nutrient digestion in steers fed a diet containing 70% barley

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Hristov ◽  
T. A. McAllister ◽  
M. E. Olson ◽  
K.-J. Cheng ◽  
L. J. Yanke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Fluid Phase ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Alfalfa Silage

Ten Jersey steers (484 ± 55 kg) were fed a basal diet of 70% rolled barley grain and 30% alfalfa silage [dry matter (DM) basis] with or without additives, in a replicated 5 × 5 Latin square experiment. Treatments (additives per kilogram dietary DM) were: C, no additives (control); T, Tween 80 (2 g kg−1); SH, salinomycin (13 mg kg−1); TSM, Tween 80 (2 g kg−1) plus salinomycin (6.5 mg kg−1); and TSL, Tween 80 (2 g kg−1) plus salinomycin (3.25 mg kg−1). Ruminal pH, concentrations of ammonia, total free amino acids, reducing sugars and total volatile fatty acids (VFA), and fluid phase viscosity were unaffected (P > 0.05) by treatment. Ruminal carboxymethylcellulase, xylanase and amylase activities, numbers of protozoa, and outflow rates of the liquid and solid phases of ruminal contents did not differ (P > 0.05) among treatments. Ruminal lactic acid bacteria populations tended (P < 0.1) to be smaller with SH compared with C, but counts were unaffected (P > 0.05) by T, TSL and TSM. Partitioning of ruminal digesta and microbial protein flow were similar (P > 0.05) among treatments. Compared with C, the ruminal rate of degradation (in situ) of alfalfa DM tended to be higher (P < 0.10) with SH, and the rate of barley grain DM degradation was higher (P < 0.05) with T. Intake and apparent digestibilities of DM, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and crude protein were unaffected (P > 0.05) by treatment, as were blood glucose and urea levels. Tween 80 and salinomycin did not affect ruminal fermentation or nutrient digestibility in steers fed a barley grain/alfalfa silage diet. Key words: Tween 80, salinomycin, ruminal fermentation, digestibility, steer

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