scholarly journals Effects of an F18 enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli challenge on growth performance, immunological status, and gastrointestinal structure of weaned pigs and the potential protective effect of direct-fed microbial blends

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Spenser L Becker ◽  
Qingyun Li ◽  
Eric R Burrough ◽  
Danielle Kenne ◽  
Orhan Sahin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Mrna Abundance ◽  
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Intestinal Function ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to investigate the impact of an F18 enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) challenge on growth performance, aspects of intestinal function, and selected immune responses of piglets, as well as to evaluate potential protective effects of direct-fed microbial (DFM) blends. Seventy-two weaned piglets (6.4 ± 0.2 kg body weight [BW]; ~21 d of age) were assigned to one of four treatments: 1) NC: Nonchallenged (n = 10), 2) positive challenged control (PC): F18 ETEC-challenged (n = 10), 3) PC + DFM1 (n = 8; three strains of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens; 7.5 × 105 colony-forming units [cfu]/g), or 4) PC + DFM2 (n=8; 2 strains of B. amyloliquefaciens and one strain of Bacillus subtilis; 1.5 × 105 cfu/g). Feed intake and BW were recorded on day 0, 7, and 17. Pigs were sham-infected either with 6 mL phosphate-buffered saline or inoculated with 6 mL F18 ETEC (~1.9 × 109 cfu/mL) on day 7 (0 d postinoculation [dpi]). All ETEC-challenged pigs were confirmed to be genetically susceptible to F18. Pigs had ad libitum access to feed and water throughout the 17-d trial. Fecal scores were visually ranked and rectal temperatures were recorded daily. To evaluate ETEC shedding, fecal swabs were collected on dpi 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 10. Blood samples were collected on dpi 0, 1, 2, 4, 7, and 10. Ileal tissues were collected at necropsy on dpi 10. All challenged treatments had lower final BW, decreased average daily gain (ADG), and average daily feed intake (ADFI) during the 10-d postchallenge period (P < 0.01). The DFM2 treatment increased E. coli shedding on dpi 2 and decreased iton dpi 7 (P < 0.05) compared with the PC. Rectal temperature decreased across all challenged treatments (P < 0.01). Ileal mRNA abundance of occludin (OCLN) and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) decreased in PC and DFM1 compared with NC (P < 0.05). Pigs fed DFM2 had intermediate ileal mRNA abundance of OCLN and increased ZO-1 mRNA compared with pigs in PC (P < 0.05). Interleukin 8 (IL-8) increased in the plasma of PC and DFM2 on dpi 2 compared with NC (P < 0.05). Mucosal IL-8 increased in PC compared with NC (P < 0.05). All challenged treatments tended to have elevated tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) mRNA abundance compared with NC (P < 0.10). Challenged pigs had reduced secretory immunoglobulin A and villus height compared with NC pigs (P < 0.05). The impact of an ETEC challenge on intestinal function and the immune system has been revealed, information critical to developing improved treatment regimes.

scholarly journals Biological response of piglets challenged with Escherichia coli F4 (K88) when fed diets containing intestinal alkaline phosphatase

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jansller Genova ◽  
Paulo Evaristo Rupolo ◽  
Antonio Diego Brandão Melo ◽  
Liliana Bury de Azevedo dos Santos ◽  
Geraldyne Nunes Wendt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Basic Solution ◽  
Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Daily Gain

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) added to diets on growth performance, diarrhoea incidence (DI), blood metabolites, relative organ weight, and intestinal morphometry of weaned piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F4 (K88). A total of 64 crossbred entire male piglets (25-day-old and 7.16 ± 0.28 kg body weight) were allocated into four treatments: control diet (CD<sup>–</sup>), CD<sup>–</sup> + antimicrobial growth promoter (AGP), CD<sup>–</sup> + 15 mg IAP/kg of diet and CD<sup>–</sup> + 30 mg IAP/kg of diet, with eight replications. At 15 days, all piglets were orally challenged with 6 ml of a solution containing K88 (10<sup>6</sup> colony forming units/ml). Microencapsulated IAP in acid solution showed 14.43% solubility and pH values of 1.69, 1.72, 1.51, and 1.52 at the different times measured (0.5 h, 1.0 h, 17.0 h, and 24 h); differently, IAP in basic solution had 4.10% solubility and pH values increased (5.95, 6.10, 6.32 and 6.63) according to the different times, respectively. On days 25–35, piglets that received 30 mg IAP and CD<sup>–</sup> showed a better feed conversion ratio (P = 0.075) compared to those fed 15 mg IAP. Piglets that consumed 30 mg IAP or CD<sup>–</sup> had higher (P = 0.004) average daily gain on days 35–44. On days 35–44, the piglet average daily feed intake was lower (P = 0.033) with 15 mg IAP compared to AGP. In the entire period, piglets fed 15 mg IAP showed a reduction in average daily gain (P = 0.040) and average daily feed intake (P = 0.092). Piglets on 30 mg IAP showed an improvement (P ≤ 0.05) in DI in the pre-and post-challenge periods. The relative spleen weight of the piglet increased (P = 0.043) in response to 30 mg IAP. Overall, the addition of 30 mg IAP to diets improves the growth performance, attenuates DI, and promotes an increase in spleen relative weight to maintain the healthy state of piglets.  

scholarly journals Increasing dietary tryptophan in conjunction with decreasing other large neutral amino acids increases weight gain and feed intake in weaner pigs regardless of experimental infection with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha O Sterndale ◽  
David W Miller ◽  
Josie P Mansfield ◽  
Jae C Kim ◽  
John R Pluske
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Large Neutral Amino Acids ◽  
Neutral Amino Acids ◽  
Serum Serotonin

Abstract Dietary tryptophan (Trp) is a precursor for serotonin, a neuromediator involved in stress responses. Tryptophan competes with other large neutral amino acids (LNAA: tyrosine, isoleucine, leucine, valine, and phenylalanine) to cross the blood–brain barrier; therefore, the regulation of circulating LNAA can influence Trp availability in the cortex and serotonin biosynthesis. The hypothesis examined in this study was that increased supplementation of dietary Trp and a reduction in LNAA for weaned pigs experimentally infected with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC; F4) will increase Trp availability in plasma and reduce indices of the stress response, which will translate to reduced production losses. At 21 ± 3 d of age (mean ± SEM), 96 male pigs (Large White × Landrace) weighing 6.3 ± 0.98 kg (mean ± SEM) were individually penned and allocated to a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments, with respective factors being 1) four dietary standardized ileal digestible (SID) Trp and LNAA contents, being HTrpHLNAA (Low Trp-High LNAA; 0.24% SID Trp: 5.4% SID LNAA), HTrpHLNAA (Low Trp-Low LNAA; 0.24% SID Trp: 4.6% SID LNAA), HTrpHLNAA (High Trp-High LNAA; 0.34% SID Trp: 5.4% SID LNAA), and HTrpHLNAA (High Trp-Low LNAA; 0.34% SID Trp: 4.6% SID LNAA), and 2) without/with ETEC infection. Pigs were orally infected with 0.8 mL (3.6 × 109 CFU/mL) ETEC at days 7 and 8 after weaning. Pigs fed diets high in Trp irrespective of the level of LNAA (HTrpHLNAA and HTrpLLNAA) had higher plasma Trp concentrations (P &lt; 0.001) and a Trp:LNAA ratio (P &lt; 0.001) before infection and 6 d after infection. Following infection, noninfected pigs had higher plasma Trp (P = 0.03) and a Trp:LNAA ratio (P = 0.004) compared with pigs infected with ETEC. Plasma cortisol levels after infection were higher in ETEC-infected pigs (P = 0.05) and altering dietary Trp and LNAA concentrations did not influence (P &gt; 0.05) plasma cortisol. Pigs fed diet HTrpLLNAA had higher serum serotonin levels 24 h after infection (P = 0.02) compared with pigs fed diets LTrpLLNAA and HTrpHLNAA. Similarly, pigs fed diet HTrpLLNAA had a higher (P = 0.02) average daily gain during the 3-wk study. Overall, average daily feed intake tended to be higher in pigs fed an HTrpLLNAA diet compared with the other diets (P = 0.08). These results suggest that the increased supplementation of dietary Trp with reduced LNAA increased circulating Trp levels that, in turn, likely caused higher serum serotonin levels, irrespective of infection with ETEC, and improved aspects of post-weaning performance.

scholarly journals Growth performance and expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in methionine and cysteine metabolism in piglets fed increasing sulphur amino acid to lysine ratio during enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli challenge

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 333-340
Author(s):  
Roseline K. Kahindi ◽  
Alemu Regassa ◽  
John K. Htoo ◽  
Charles Martin Nyachoti
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Feed Ratio ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Sulphur Amino Acids

A study was conducted to examine the effect of standardised ileal digestible (SID) sulphur amino acids/lysine ratio (SAA/Lys) on performance and expression of methionine adenosyltransferase 1 and 2 alpha (MAT1α and MAT2α), and cystathionine gamma-lyase (CTH) in piglets challenged with an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Thirty five [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)] piglets (6.9 ± 0.5 kg) were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments. The diets were antibiotic free with SID SAA/Lys of 48%, 54%, 60%, 66%, and 72%. Pigs were orally challenged with 6 and 15 mL of ciprofloxacin-resistant ETEC K88+ on days 7 and 10. Blood samples were collected before (BC) and 6, 24, and 48 h after challenge (AC). Body weight gain and feed intake were collected on days 0, 6, and 12 to determine average daily gain (ADG). Gain to feed ratio (G/F) was calculated by dividing ADG by average daily feed intake (ADFI). On day 13, all pigs were euthanized to collect liver and ileal samples to analyse gene expression using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Pigs fed the diet containing SAA/Lys of 66% had the highest ADG, ADFI, and G/F BC. However, ADG, ADFI, and G/F were similar across all ratios AC. Serum tumor necrosis factor alpha concentration at 6 h AC was higher (P < 0.05) than BC and was improved with increasing SAA/Lys. Increasing SAA/Lys quadratically increased (P < 0.01) CTH and MAT1α expression. Ileal expression of CTH and MAT2α were quadratically increased (P < 0.05) with increasing SAA/Lys. In conclusion, SAA/Lys of 60% is suggested to be optimum for piglets to tolerate ETEC pathogenic challenge.

Effects of Montmorillonite on Growth Performance, Serum Biochemistry and Oxidative Stress of Red-Crowned Crane (Grus japonensis) Fed Mycotoxin-Contaminated Feed

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 626-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawei Liu ◽  
Qinghua Wu ◽  
Hongyi Liu ◽  
Changhu Lu ◽  
Chao Gu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Serum Biochemistry ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Regular Diet ◽  
Grus Japonensis ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

Background: The red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis) is one of the most vulnerable bird species in the world. Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi and considered naturally unavoidable contaminants in animal feed. Our recent survey indicated that the mycotoxins had the potential to contaminate redcrowned crane’s regular diets in China. Objective: This experiment was conducted to investigate the protective effects of mycotoxin binder montmorillonite (Mont) on growth performance, serum biochemistry and oxidative stress parameters of the red-crowned crane. Methods: 16 red-crowned cranes were divided into four groups and fed one of the following diets; a selected diet, regular diet, or the selected diet or regular diet with 0.5% montmorillonite added to the diets. The cranes' parameters of performance, hematology, serum biochemistry and serum oxidative stress were measured. Results: Consuming regular diets decreased the average daily feed intake (ADFI), levels of haemoglobin (Hb), platelet count (PLT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT), but increased the activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The supplementation of 0.5% Mont provided protection for the red-crowned crane in terms of feed intake, serum biochemistry and oxidative stress. Moreover, Mont supplementation had no adverse effect on the health of red-crowned crane. Conclusions: Taken together, these findings suggested that the addition of dietary Mont is effective in improving the health of red-crowned crane.

scholarly journals Impact of a phytogenic feed additive on growth performance, feed intake, and carcass traits of finishing steers

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 1162-1172
Author(s):  
Tassilo Brand ◽  
Martin Hünerberg ◽  
Tim A McAllister ◽  
Maolong He ◽  
Atef M Saleem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Traits ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Muscle Area ◽  
Mineral Supplement ◽  
Liver Abscesses ◽  
Finishing Steers

Abstact: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a phytogenic feed additive (Digestarom [DA]; Biomin, Getzersdorf, Austria) on growth performance, feed intake, carcass traits, fatty acid composition, and liver abscesses of finishing steers. One hundred twenty Angus × Charolais crossbred steers (488 ± 26.5 kg) were used in a 110-d feeding experiment. Steers were blocked by weight and randomly assigned to 12 pens with 10 steers per pen. Each pen was allocated to one of three diets. Each diet contained 86.5% barley, 10.0% barley silage, and 3.5% vitamin and mineral supplement on a dry matter (DM) basis. The diets contained 0, 0.05, and 0.1 g DA/kg complete diet (DM basis), to achieve average daily DA intakes of 0 (control), 0.5 (LowDA), and 1.0 g (HighDA) per steer. Diets were prepared once daily and provided ad libitum. Two pens per treatment were equipped to record individual feed intake behavior. Steers were weighed every 28 d and carcass traits and liver scores were recorded at slaughter. Dry matter intake (average: 9.34 kg/d) did not differ (P &gt; 0.05) among diets. Average daily gain tended to increase linearly as DA increased (control: 1.82; LowDA: 1.87; and HighDA: 1.95 kg/d; P &lt; 0.09), but gain:feed ratio was not affected. Supplementation of DA affected longissimus muscle area quadratically (P = 0.05) with the largest area observed for LowDA. However, dressing percentage decreased linearly in response to increasing level of DA (P &lt; 0.01). Total abscessed livers were not affected, whereas proportion of severe liver abscesses was numerically lower with DA (30.8% and 42.5% for LowDA and HighDA) compared to the control (50%).

scholarly journals The Impact of Selection using Residual Average Daily Gain and Marbling EPDs on Growth Performance and Carcass Traits in Angus Steers

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. Krause ◽  
E. R. Moore ◽  
J. Duggin ◽  
J. R. Segers ◽  
T. D. Pringle
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Backfat Thickness ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Carcass Merit ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Daily Gain

ObjectivesProfitability in the beef industry has narrow margins regulated by revenue from output traits like growth and carcass merit, but profitability is also largely impacted by input expenses like feed costs. Selecting for improvements in feed efficiency during the finishing phase, one of the most feed intensive segments of the industry, can help to mitigate those input costs. This study compared growth performance, feed efficiency, body composition, and carcass characteristics in Angus steers (n = 321) from bulls divergently selected for feed efficiency and marbling.Materials and MethodsAngus sires were selected based on high (10th percentile or better) and low (85th percentile or worse) residual average daily gain (RADG) EPD as well as high (fifth percentile or better) and average (near 50th percentile) marbling (MARB) EPD. These criteria resulted in a 2 × 2 factorial design with four breeding lines: high RADG/high MARB, high RADG/average MARB, low RADG/high MARB, low RADG/average MARB. Data were analyzed using MIXED procedures of SAS with RADG and MARB as main effects. Significance was set at α = 0.05. Generation was also analyzed, where generation one (GEN1) steers were from a selected sire while generation two (GEN2) steers were from a selected sire and a selected dam.ResultsUltrasound and carcass data revealed no differences (P ≥ 0.12) in 12th rib backfat thickness from weaning through slaughter for the RADG EPD groups. Yield grade and dressing percent did not differ (P ≥ 0.56) across RADG or MARB groups. At the beginning and end of the feeding trial, the high RADG (P ≤ 0.02) group had larger ultrasound ribeye area (REA) than the low RADG group. Carcass REA tended (P = 0.08) to be larger in the high versus low RADG steers. During the feedlot trial and through slaughter, body weight was heavier (P ≤ 0.006) for the high versus low RADG steers but did not differ (P ≥ 0.44) across MARB EPD. Feed efficiency measures did not differ (P ≥ 0.32) across RADG or MARB groups apart from the tendency (P = 0.08) for residual feed intake to be lower in the high versus low RADG steers. Marbling scores differed (P ≤ 0.04) across RADG and MARB groups with the low RADG steers and the high MARB steers having improved marbling. The quality grade distribution across MARB EPD revealed that the average MARB steers graded 73% Choice and 25% Prime while the high MARB steers graded 56% and 42%, respectively. Slice shear force did not differ (P ≥ 0.32) across RADG or MARB EPD. Body weights tended (P = 0.06) to be heavier at the start of the feeding trial for GEN1 versus GEN2 steers. Total gain, average daily gain, and feed to gain (F:G) differed by generation (P ≤ 0.007) with increased rates of gain and reduced F:G in the GEN2 versus GEN1 steers. Body weights did not differ (P = 0.72) across GEN at the end of the feeding trial. Backfat thickness at the start and end of the feedlot phase was less (P ≤ 0.03) and marbling score was improved (P = 0.02) in the GEN2 versus GEN1 steers, respectively.ConclusionThese results suggest that selection using RADG EPD has negligible impacts on meat quality; and that progress in selection for efficiency can be achieved while advancing carcass quality and value. Furthermore, continued divergent selection for feed efficiency and marbling has the potential to improve feed efficiency through advancements in the rate of gain, while enhancing carcass merit through marbling.

scholarly journals Intestinal Immunoglobulin A Response to Naturally Acquired Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in US Travelers to an Endemic Area of Mexico

2006 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 247-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. Estrada-García ◽  
Z-D. Jiang ◽  
J. Adachi ◽  
J. J. Mathewson ◽  
H. L. DuPont
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Endemic Area ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli

scholarly journals PSV-1 Effects of the protein level on growth performance and carcass grading in fattening pig fed ad libitum

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 223-224
Author(s):  
Arnaud Samson ◽  
Claire Launay ◽  
Francesc Payola ◽  
Eric Schetelat ◽  
Hervé Fortune
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Synthetic Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Performances ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract Reducing dietary crude protein (CP) with synthetic amino acids (AA) supplementation is beneficial for sustainable swine industry. However some discrepancies regarding the consequences on growth performance are observed. Therefore, this trial aimed to assess the effect of dietary CP level on growth performance of pigs from 35 to 113 kg BW. Growth performance of 63 pigs fed ad libitum and allocated to three groups (HH, MM and LL) was compared. Each group received one level of CP (‘H’ for High, ‘M’ for Medium and ‘L’ for Low) during growing (d0–d35) and finishing (d35–slaugther day) periods: 15.1%, 16.2%, 17.2% and 13.0%, 14.0%, 15.1% respectively. Diets were mostly based on wheat, corn and soybean meal. Within each feeding phase, diets were formulated to be similar in apparent total tract digestible phosphorus, net energy and standardized ileal digestible (SID) essential AA, the SID Lys levels being 0.95% and 0.78% during the growing and finishing period respectively. Data were analyzed using a linear model (R, 3.1.2) with individual as the experimental unit as feed intake, body weight and carcass grading were individually recorded. From d0 to d14 and from d35 to d63, average daily gain (ADG) and Growth:Feed ratio (G:F) were significantly reduced as the CP level decreased (P < 0.05) while average daily feed intake (ADFI) remained unaffected by the dietary treatments. From d14 to d35 and in late finishing period (d63-slaugther day), growth performance was not significantly affected by the dietary CP level. Over the 82-d of the experiment, G:F was significantly higher for ‘HH’ pigs (P < 0.01). Overall, ADG tended to be reduced as CP levels decreased (P = 0.10). There was no difference among treatments for parameters concerning carcass grading (lean meat percentage and meat yield). In conclusion, reducing CP levels while maintaining essential AA levels impaired growth performances of pigs.

Fructooligosaccharides improve growth performance and intestinal epithelium function in weaned pigs exposed to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 9599-9612
Author(s):  
Lei Liu ◽  
Daiwen Chen ◽  
Bing Yu ◽  
Heng Yin ◽  
Zhiqing Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Intestinal Epithelium ◽  
Intestinal Injury ◽  
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Weaned Pigs ◽  
Protective Potential

This study was conducted to explore the protective potential of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)-induced inflammation and intestinal injury in weaned pigs.

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