scholarly journals Effect of post-ruminal guanidinoacetic acid supplementation on creatine synthesis and plasma homocysteine concentrations in cattle

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehrnaz Ardalan ◽  
Erick D Batista ◽  
Evan C Titgemeyer
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Plasma Homocysteine ◽  
Methyl Groups ◽  
Methyl Group ◽  
Guanidinoacetic Acid ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Entire Experiment ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
Plasma Arginine

Abstract Creatine stores high-energy phosphate bonds in muscle, which is critical for muscle activity. In animals, creatine is synthesized in the liver from guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) with methylation by S-adenosylmethionine. Because methyl groups are used for the conversion of GAA to creatine, methyl group deficiency may occur as a result of GAA supplementation. With this study, the metabolic responses of cattle to post-ruminal supplementation of GAA were evaluated with and without methionine (Met) supplementation as a source of methyl groups. Six ruminally cannulated Holstein heifers (520 kg) were used in a split-plot design with treatments arranged as a 2 × 5 factorial. The main plot treatments were 0 or 12 g/d of l-Met arranged in a completely randomized design; three heifers received each main plot treatment throughout the entire experiment. Subplot treatments were 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 g/d of GAA, with GAA treatments provided in sequence from lowest to highest over five 6-d periods. Treatments were infused continuously to the abomasum. Heifers were limit-fed twice daily a diet consisting of (dry matter basis) 5.3 kg/d rolled corn, 3.6 kg/d alfalfa hay, and 50 g/d trace-mineralized salt. Plasma Met increased (P < 0.01) when Met was supplemented, but it was not affected by supplemental GAA. Supplementing GAA linearly increased plasma arginine (% of total amino acids) and plasma concentrations of GAA and creatinine (P < 0.001). Plasma creatine was increased at all levels of GAA except when 40 g/d of GAA was supplemented with no Met (GAA-quadratic × Met, P = 0.07). Plasma homocysteine was not affected by GAA supplementation when heifers received 12 g/d Met, but it was increased when 30 or 40 g/d of GAA was supplemented without Met (GAA-linear × Met, P = 0.003); increases were modest and did not suggest a dangerous hyperhomocysteinemia. Urinary concentrations of GAA and creatine were increased by all levels of GAA when 12 g/d Met was supplemented; increasing GAA supplementation up to 30 g/d without Met increased urinary GAA and creatine concentrations, but 40 g/d GAA did not affect urine concentrations of GAA and creatine when no Met was supplemented. Overall, post-ruminal GAA supplementation increased creatine supply to cattle. A methyl group deficiency, demonstrated by modest increases in plasma homocysteine, became apparent when 30 or 40 g/d of GAA was supplemented, but it was ameliorated by 12 g/d Met.

Effects of guanidinoacetic acid supplementation on nitrogen retention and methionine flux in cattle

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehrnaz Ardalan ◽  
Matt D Miesner ◽  
Christopher D Reinhardt ◽  
Daniel U Thomson ◽  
Cheryl K Armendariz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Plasma Homocysteine ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Lean Tissue ◽  
Methyl Group ◽  
Guanidinoacetic Acid ◽  
Protein Supply ◽  
Plot Design

Abstract Creatine stores high-energy phosphate bonds in muscle and is synthesized in the liver through methylation of guanidinoacetic acid (GAA). Supplementation of GAA may therefore increase methyl group requirements, and this may affect methyl group utilization. Our experiment evaluated the metabolic responses of growing cattle to postruminal supplementation of GAA, in a model where methionine (Met) was deficient, with and without Met supplementation. Seven ruminally cannulated Holstein steers (161 kg initial body weight [BW]) were limit-fed a soybean hull-based diet (2.7 kg/d dry matter) and received continuous abomasal infusions of an essential amino acid (AA) mixture devoid of Met to ensure that no AA besides Met limited animal performance. To provide energy without increasing the microbial protein supply, all steers received ruminal infusions of 200 g/d acetic acid, 200 g/d propionic acid, and 50 g/d butyric acid, as well as abomasal infusions of 300 g/d glucose. Treatments, provided abomasally, were arranged as a 2 × 3 factorial in a split-plot design, and included 0 or 6 g/d of l-Met and 0, 7.5, and 15 g/d of GAA. The experiment included six 10-d periods. Whole body Met flux was measured using continuous jugular infusion of 1-13C-l-Met and methyl-2H3-l-Met. Nitrogen retention was elevated by Met supplementation (P < 0.01). Supplementation with GAA tended to increase N retention when it was supplemented along with Met, but not when it was supplemented without Met. Supplementing GAA linearly increased plasma concentrations of GAA and creatine (P < 0.001), but treatments did not affect urinary excretion of GAA, creatine, or creatinine. Supplementation with Met decreased plasma homocysteine (P < 0.01). Supplementation of GAA tended (P = 0.10) to increase plasma homocysteine when no Met was supplemented, but not when 6 g/d Met was provided. Protein synthesis and protein degradation were both increased by GAA supplementation when no Met was supplemented, but decreased by GAA supplementation when 6 g/d Met were provided. Loss of Met through transsulfuration was increased by Met supplementation, whereas synthesis of Met from remethylation of homocysteine was decreased by Met supplementation. No differences in transmethylation, transsulfuration, or remethylation reactions were observed in response to GAA supplementation. The administration of GAA, when methyl groups are not limiting, has the potential to improve lean tissue deposition and cattle growth.

scholarly journals PSI-1 Effects of choline on immune cell function in growing cattle supplemented with guanidinoacetic acid and creatine

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 227-228
Author(s):  
Hope D Aufdemberge ◽  
Madeline S Grant ◽  
Barry J Bradford ◽  
Laman K Mamedova ◽  
Evan C Titgemeyer
Keyword(s):  
Immune Function ◽  
Oxidative Burst ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Capillary Flow ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Methyl Groups ◽  
Group Status ◽  
Methyl Group ◽  
Lps Challenge ◽  
Guanidinoacetic Acid

Abstract Methyl sources that affect immune function/inflammation potentially have value in the beef industry, notably with receiving cattle. In newly received beef cattle, an active immune response with appropriately controlled inflammation is critical to optimize both biological and economic efficiency, due to the high cost of disease and its treatment. Our objective was to determine how modulation of methyl group status would affect polymorphonuclear cell (PMN; primarily neutrophils) function. Six ruminally cannulated Holstein steers (200 kg) were used in a 6×6 Latin square design with 10-d periods. Factorial treatments included 3 methyl group modulators (MGM: control; 15 g/d guanidinoacetic acid, which consumes methyl groups; or 16.8 g/d creatine, which spares methyl groups) and 2 levels of choline (0 or 5 g/d). Steers received 4 kg/d of a corn-based diet. Treatments were continuously infused abomasally. On d 10 of each period, jugular blood was collected, and PMN were isolated. Cells were challenged with or without LPS (1 μg/mL) for 30 min followed by addition of dihydrorhodamine (100 μM) for 10 min and E. coli covalently labeled with Texas Red at a ratio of 20:1 for an additional 40 min. PMN activity (phagocytosis and oxidative burst) was assessed using a capillary flow cytometer. Oxidative burst, with or without LPS challenge, was not affected by choline (P >0.42) or MGM (P >0.75). Phagocytosis without LPS was not affected by choline (P=0.29) or MGM (P=0.30). When PMN were challenged with LPS, phagocytosis tended to be reduced by choline (P=0.09) but was not affected by MGM (P=0.35). Choline tended to reduce phagocytosis by PMN challenged with LPS, suggesting that it may reduce inflammatory responses. A more robust understanding of methyl group metabolism may allow nutritionists to supply these nutrients to optimize immune function.

scholarly journals 208 Effects of supplemental guanidinoacetic acid, creatine, and choline on protein deposition and methyl group metabolites in growing steers

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 147-147
Author(s):  
Madeline S Grant ◽  
Matt D Miesner ◽  
Evan C Titgemeyer
Keyword(s):  
Creatine Supplementation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Methyl Groups ◽  
Group Status ◽  
Urine Metabolites ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Methyl Group ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Guanidinoacetic Acid

Abstract Methyl group donors (e.g., methionine, choline) can improve performance in transition dairy cows. Our objective was to determine how modulation of methyl group status would affect protein deposition and plasma and urine metabolites associated with methyl group metabolism. Six ruminally cannulated Holstein steers (200 kg) were used in a 6×6 Latin square design with 10-d periods. Factorial treatments, which were continuously infused abomasally, included 3 methyl group modulators (MGM: control; 15 g/d guanidinoacetic acid [GAA]; or 16.8 g/d creatine) and 2 levels of choline (0 or 5 g/d choline ion). Providing GAA or creatine increases body creatine supply; however, GAA consumes methyl groups to synthesize creatine, whereas supplemental creatine directly spares methyl groups that would be used for its synthesis. Steers received 4 kg/d of a corn-based diet. Total collection of urine and feces occurred from d 7 to 9 to measure N retention. Jugular blood was collected on d 10. No interactions between MGM and choline were observed. GAA increased N retention (P = 0.04), whereas creatine did not. Urinary creatine excretion was increased by GAA and creatine supplementation (P < 0.0001). Urinary GAA output was greater for GAA than creatine and control (P < 0.0001). Plasma creatine concentration was increased by GAA and creatine supplementation (P ≤0.01), with GAA leading to a larger increase. Plasma GAA concentration increased with GAA provision (P < 0.0001) but tended to be decreased by creatine (P = 0.09). Plasma urea-N and urinary urea-N output were not affected by MGM (P ≥ 0.25). Choline did not affect N retention (P = 0.69) or urinary GAA or creatine excretions (P ≥ 0.14). Choline increased plasma creatine (P = 0.04), but not plasma GAA. Choline did not affect plasma urea-N or urinary urea-N output (P ≥ 0.68). These data demonstrate that GAA has potential to improve protein deposition in growing cattle. Additionally, choline provision may allow for greater creatine synthesis in the body.

scholarly journals PSIII-5 Effects of ingredient composition of oral drenches in small piglets post-farrowing on average daily gain and pre-wean mortality

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 238-238
Author(s):  
Olivia Harrison ◽  
Samantha Tauer ◽  
Brent Frederick
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Bioactive Proteins ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract Number of pigs born alive has been a key factor of the increasing efficiency of the U.S. swine industry. However, with increased pigs in the uterus, birth weight has been negatively impacted, with more small or at-risk pigs being born per litter. In order to overcome these changes, a study testing three commercial oral drenches against a control to determine which would increase average daily gain and decrease preweaning mortality. In a completely randomized design, 877 one-day-old suckling pigs from a high-health farm were selected for the experiment if they appeared to be in the bottom 20% of bodyweight compared to their contemporaries. Selected pigs were given one of four drenching treatments: 1) none (control), 2) bioactive proteins (BP), 3) high energy sugars (HES), and 4) immunoglobulins (IgY). Pigs were weighed on d 1 and d 19 of age (weaning), with mortality tracked during the suckling period. Data were analyzed using SAS v 9.4 (Cary, NC), with pig as the experimental unit and an accepted alpha of 0.05. Treatment had no detected effect on birth weight, weaning weight, ADG, or mortality (P = 0.79, 0.96, 0.86, 0.38 respectively). Likewise, statistical contrasts were used to determine there was no detected impact (P > 0.10) of drench, regardless of type, compared to the control in any measured response criteria. Interesting, pigs drenched with BP or IgY had numerically lower preweaning mortality (11.2 and 11.5% respectively), than those administered the control or HES (15.4 and 15.2%, respectively). In conclusion, this experiment showed no significant difference in the performance between piglets given no product vs. those drenched with bioactive proteins, high energy sugars, or immunoglobulins. However, additional research is warranted with greater replication or disease stressors to better understand if oral drenches may improve preweaning performance or mortality in different situations.

Net charges and valence AO's in the methylamines; the hydrogen basis set and the properties of nitrogen

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (7) ◽  
pp. 1487-1491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Del Re ◽  
Sándor Fliszár ◽  
Michel Comeau ◽  
Claude Mijoule
Keyword(s):  
Basis Set ◽  
Basis Sets ◽  
Methyl Groups ◽  
Extended Form ◽  
Amine Nitrogen ◽  
Methyl Group ◽  
Net Charges ◽  
Extended Basis

Net charges and valence AO's for ammonia, methylamine, dimethylamine, and trimethylamine were calculated using extended basis sets. Superposition effects, evaluated by replacing Pople's standard 6-31G* basis by an extended form in which the basis of the ammonia H atoms and of the methyl groups of trimethylamine are retained in the treatment of each molecule, indicate that the quality of the treatment of amine nitrogen atoms is strongly dependent on the number of methyl groups. A new, augmented basis is proposed for the hydrogens, which appears to be reasonably well balanced: comparison with familiar (e.g., 6-31G*) calculations illustrates in what manner the treatment of nitrogen is worsened when even just one methyl group is replaced by hydrogen unless the impoverishment of the basis is suitably taken care of.

scholarly journals Karakteristik Tepung Ampas Tahu yang Difermentasi dengan Lactobacillus plantarum terhadap kandungan Daidzein, Glycitein, dan Genistein

BUANA SAINS ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
Eka Fitasari ◽  
Budi Santosa
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactobacillus Plantarum ◽  
Fermentation Process ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Microbial Culture ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

Animal feed should ideally be inexpensive and not competing with humans. Ampas know is a waste of the manufacture of tofu that contains protein and high energy. Its use has problems due to the existence of antinutrient and cannot be kept long. Lactobacillus Plantarum is a lactic acid (Gram-positive) bacteria used in the fermentation process to improve the quality of feed. The goal of fermentation is to remove the anti-nutrients that exist in the tofu pulp and increase the content of Isoflavone (Daidzin, Glycitein, and Genistein) and Isoflavone is a source of antioxidants important to growth. The study uses a Completely Randomized Design with 5 treatment of microbial culture concentrations of 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% (V/w), respectively repeated 3 times. The result of analyzes in the pulp of tofu fermentation suggests that fermentation by Lactobacillus Plantarum can increase the content of Daidzein, Glycitein, and genistein with the highest value resulting from the use of L. Plantarum 20% respectively 191.21 + 24.9 μg/g, 85.96 μg/g, and 120.82 μg/g. It can be concluded that the higher the use of the concentration of L. Plantarum in tofu pulp can increase the levels of isoflavone, so it is advisable to conduct research with the concentration of L. Plantarum higher in tofu pulp

The Rates and Products of Addition of 4-Chlorobenzenesulfenyl Chloride to a Series of Side Chain Methyl Substituted Styrenes

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (9) ◽  
pp. 1807-1812 ◽  
Author(s):  
George H. Schmid ◽  
Dennis G. Garratt
Keyword(s):  
Steric Hindrance ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Methyl Groups ◽  
Methyl Group

The rates of addition and the product compositions have been determined for the addition of 4-chlorobenzenesulfenyl chloride to a series of seven side chain methyl substituted styrenes in 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane at 25°. Unlike the addition to the corresponding series of methylated ethylenes, the effect of the methyl groups is not cumulative. The effect of the methyl groups depends upon whether or not the β-methyl group is cis to the phenyl. When it is cis, the rate of addition is decreased compared to styrene and substitution of additional methyl groups has only a small effect on the rate of addition. In compounds lacking a cis-β-methyl group the rate of addition more closely resembles that for addition to the methylated ethylenes. Steric hindrance between the cis-methyl and phenyl groups is believed to be the cause of this difference in behavior between the ethylene and styrene series.

Differences in the Postprandial Release of Appetite-Related Hormones Between Active and Inactive Men

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 602-610
Author(s):  
Linn Bøhler ◽  
Sílvia Ribeiro Coutinho ◽  
Jens F. Rehfeld ◽  
Linda Morgan ◽  
Catia Martins
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Random Order ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Appetite Control ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1

Active, as opposed to inactive, individuals are able to adjust their energy intake after preloads of different energy contents. The mechanisms responsible for this remain unknown. This study examined differences in plasma concentration of appetite-related hormones in response to breakfasts of different energy contents, between active and inactive men. Sixteen healthy nonobese (body mass index = 18.5–27 kg/m2) adult males (nine active and seven inactive) participated in this study. Participants were given a high-energy (570 kcal) or a low-energy (205 kcal) breakfast in a random order. Subjective feelings of appetite and plasma concentrations of active ghrelin, active glucagon-like peptide-1, total peptide YY (PYY), cholecystokinin, and insulin were measured in fasting and every 30 min up to 2.5 hr, in response to both breakfasts. Mixed analysis of variance (fat mass [in percentage] as a covariate) revealed a higher concentration of active ghrelin and lower concentration of glucagon-like peptide-1, and cholecystokinin after the low-energy breakfast (p < .001 for all). Postprandial concentration of PYY was greater after the high energy compared with the low energy, but for inactive participants only (p = .014). Active participants had lower postprandial concentrations of insulin than inactive participants (p < .001). Differences in postprandial insulin between breakfasts were significantly lower in active compared with inactive participants (p < .001). Physical activity seems to modulate the postprandial plasma concentration of insulin and PYY after the intake of breakfasts of different energy contents, and that may contribute, at least partially, to the differences in short-term appetite control between active and inactive individuals.

scholarly journals Effect of supplementation of guanidinoacetic acid and arginine in vegetable diets for broiler on performance, carcass yield and meat quality

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 1307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline Fernanda Gonçalves Esser ◽  
Thais Lina Taniguti ◽  
Alexandra Maria da Silva ◽  
Elisangela Vanroo ◽  
Isabelle Naemi Kaneko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Pectoralis Major Muscle ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Breast Meat ◽  
Total Period ◽  
Carcass Yield ◽  
Guanidinoacetic Acid ◽  
Meat Meal

Birds fed with vegetable diets rely on the endogenous synthesis of creatine, which requires amino acids, some of which, for example arginine (Arg), are considered essential for several physiological and metabolic functions. Creatine is limited to high energy expenditure cells, particularly muscle cells. The objective of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of guanidinoacetic acid and arginine (as precursors of creatine) in vegetable diets, on the performance, quality, and yield of broiler chickens. The treatments consisted of diets based on corn and soybean meal (T1); corn, soybean meal + 3% meat meal (T2); corn, soybean meal + 0.08% guanidinoacetic acid (T3); and corn, soybean meal + 0.08% L-arginine (T4). The productive performance of the birds aged 7-, 21-, and 42-days-old was determined. Eighteen 7-day-old birds were sacrificed per treatment to evaluate breast and leg yield, and breast muscle fibers, and eighteen 42-day-old birds were sampled per treatment to determine serum uric acid, urea, creatine, lactate, and glucose concentrations. The same birds were slaughtered to calculate carcass yield in relation to live weight and commercial cut yield. The right pectoralis major muscle of each bird was used to test pH, color (luminosity L*, red index a*, and yellow index b*), and loss of water by pressure analysis, and the left side was used to analyze losses by defrosting and cooking. The data were analyzed using the software SAS. Diets to which meat or vegetable meal plus guanidinoacetic acid or L-Arginine were added resulted in higher live weight and breast meat percentage at 7 days old. Feed conversion was affected for a total period of 1 to 42 days of age (P < 0.0002). The birds with a diet supplemented with vegetable and meat meal had better feed conversion when compared to the birds that were fed with other diets. Treatments did not affect carcass and commercial cut yields, percent loss by cooking, pressure and defrosting of the broiler breast meat, or color (L, a*, and b*) and pH values.

Response of early lactation dairy cows to the inclusion of the liver technology product ABN-LiFT in the total mixed ration

2002 ◽  
Vol 2002 ◽  
pp. 197-197
Author(s):  
C A Middlemass ◽  
C M Minter ◽  
M Marsden
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Total Mixed Ration ◽  
Methyl Group ◽  
Technology Product

Through the dry period to early lactation the cow goes through a dramatic change in her metabolism. To supply the high energy requirement in early lactation fat supply from the diet and body mobilisation increases substantially. As a result, the liver accumulates fat, the rate of detoxification slows down, ammonia accumulates and there’s a reduced supply of fat, glucose and protein to the udder. This trial was designed to evaluate the response of dairy cows to product called ABN-LiFT a proprietary mixture of B-group vitamins and methyl group donors (rumen protected choline, niacin, vitamin B12, biotin, folic acid and thiamine) designed to reduce the accumulation of triglycerides in the liver and accelerate VLDL export.

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