AbstractSingle-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides (ssODN) are donor templates for homology-directed repair-based knock-in of point mutations using CRISPR/Cas9. To optimize the efficiency of ssODN-based knock-ins in zebrafish, we developed allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR) assays for introducing point mutations in tp53, cdh5 and lmna as case studies. In these point mutation strategies we introduced the codon mutations, sgRNA site mutations and restriction sites which can be detected by AS-PCR with the primers matching their respective alleles in combination with a common primer. We employed the anti-sense asymmetric oligo design as the main optimization as well as phosphorothioate oligo modification and also observed that proximity of the mutation site to the Cas9 cut site improves the efficiency when knock-ins into different genes were compared. We improved the efficiencies of two tp53 knock-ins using anti-sense asymmetric ultramer oligos (126-nt in length with homology arms of 36 and 90 nucleotides, anti-sense to the sgRNA) by 3-10 fold, the optimizations which resulted in successful founders for both tp53 knock-ins with transmission rates of 20-40 %. The initially low knock-in efficiency for tp53 mutants was likely due to the distance between the Cas9 cut site and mutations since cdh5 G767S knock-in located at the cut site had much higher founder identification and germline transmission rates. The phosphorothioate oligo modifications was used for a lamin A/C (lmna) knock-in strategy and it resulted in 40 % overall improvement in knock-in efficiency and greater knock-in consistency. We also determined that AS-PCR detected false-positive knock-ins which constituted 25-80 % of total in different strategies and developed a workflow to screen out the founders and F1 zebrafish carrying these undesirable modifications. In summary, we provide a complementary set of optimizations for CRISPR/Cas9-based ssODN knock-ins in zebrafish using a novel combination of methods.
Novel multiplex allele-specific PCR assays for the detection of resistance to second-line drugs in Mycobacterium tuberculosis