scholarly journals Nucleoside analogues are activated by bacterial deoxyribonucleoside kinases in a species-specific manner

2007 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 510-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P. B. Sandrini ◽  
Anders R. Clausen ◽  
Stephen L. W. On ◽  
Frank M. Aarestrup ◽  
Birgitte Munch-Petersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nucleoside Analogues ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Deoxyribonucleoside Kinases

scholarly journals Pig zona pellucida 2 (pZP2) protein does not participate in zona pellucida formation in transgenic mice

Reproduction ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 132 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akiko Hasegawa ◽  
Nozomi Kanazawa ◽  
Hideaki Sawai ◽  
Shinji Komori ◽  
Koji Koyama
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Transgenic Mice ◽  
Molecular Species ◽  
Zona Pellucida ◽  
Transgenic Protein ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Deficient Mice

The zona pellucida, an extracellular matrix surrounding mammalian oocytes, is composed of three or four glycoproteins. It is well known that the zona pellucida plays several critical roles during fertilization, but there is little knowledge about its formation. The purpose of this study is to examine whether a pig zona pellucida glycoprotein 2 (pZP2) would assemble with mouse zona pellucida. A transgene construct was prepared by placing a minigene encoding pZP2 downstream from the promoter of mouse ZP2. The result showed that the transgenic protein was synthesized in growing oocytes but not incorporated into the zona pellucida. Furthermore, the pZP2 transgene did not rescue the phenotype in ZP2-knockout zona-deficient mice. These results indicate that pZP2 does not participate in mouse zona pellucida formation and the zona pellucida is constituted from its component proteins in a molecular species-specific manner between mice and pigs.

Responses of Benthic Macroinvertebrate Species to Manipulation of Interstitial Detritus in Carnation Creek, British Columbia

1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph M. Culp ◽  
Ronald W. Davies
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Benthic Macroinvertebrate ◽  
Alnus Rubra ◽  
Detritus Processing ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Macroinvertebrate Species ◽  
Trophic Feeding

Experimental manipulations were conducted in Carnation Creek, British Columbia, to determine the response of macroinvertebrate distribution and abundance to differences in detritus source and quantity. Four treatments (no detritus, low hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), low alder (Alnus rubra), high alder) with a standardized substrate were established in a riffle and left for 28 d. Densities and/or biomasses of 12 of the 20 colonizing macroinvertebrate taxa were significantly different among the detritus treatments. Microbial activity, detritus processing, and macroinvertebrate abundances were highest in substrate patches with alder detritus. Compared with the no detritus and low hemlock treatments, the low alder treatment increased the abundances of nine taxa and decreased three taxa, while the high alder treatment increased the abundances of six taxa and decreased six taxa. Thus, detritus source and quantity strongly influenced macroinvertebrate community composition within the streambed. Although most of the macroinvertebrates in all treatments were either collector–gatherer or shredder detritivores, these macroinvertebrates responded to changes in detritus in a species-specific manner. Therefore, the Carnation Creek experiments emphasize the importance of interstitial detritus in the substrate as a factor that influences the microdistribution of the benthos at the species, rather than trophic feeding, assemblage level.

Endogenous galectin-3 controls experimental malaria in a species-specific manner

2012 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 383-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. TOSCANO ◽  
J. E. TONGREN ◽  
J. B. De SOUZA ◽  
F.-T. LIU ◽  
E. M. RILEY ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Manner ◽  
Galectin 3 ◽  
Species Specific

The Effects of Cross-Fostering On the Behavior of Two Species of North American Lemmings, Dicrostonyx Groenlandicus and Lemmus Trimucronatus. Iii. Agonistic Behavior

Behaviour ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 73 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 261-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin M. Banks ◽  
U. William Huck
Keyword(s):  
Agonistic Behavior ◽  
Species Identity ◽  
Maternal Environment ◽  
Response Range ◽  
Dicrostonyx Groenlandicus ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Cross Fostering ◽  
Species Cross

Abstract1. The role of the maternal environment in development of species-specific agonistic behavior was investigated by reciprocally cross-fostering two species of lemmings (Discrostonyx groenlandicus and Lemmus trimucronatus). Non-fostered and within-species-fostered (in-fostered) animals served as controls. 2. When adult, cross-fostered male lemmings engaged in more frequent contact social behavior with the foster species than with conspecifics. However, since cross-fostered animals retained their ability to interact with conspecifics in a species-specific manner, cross-fostering appears to have resulted in a broadening of "species identity" to include the foster species. 3. In-fostering reduced the aggressiveness of Dicrostonyx but had little effect on the behavior of Lemmus. 4. Both the intensity and orientation of agonistic behavior were altered as a result of cross-fostering. In Dicrostonyx, a highly aggressive species, cross-fostering resulted in decreased aggression directed at the foster species and increased aggression toward conspecifics. In Lemmus, a less aggressive species, cross-fostering appears to have resulted in a broadening of the response range to stimuli provided by the foster species. When paired with aggressive Dicrostonyx, cross-fostered Lemmus engaged in more frequent and intense aggression than did controls. However, when paired with nonaggressive (in-fostered) Dicrostonyx, cross-fostered Lemmus engaged in less frequent and intense aggression than controls. In contrast, non-fostered and in-fostered Lemmus males had a relatively narrow response range to Dicrostonyx. 5. In general, the results suggested that agonistic behaviour in lemmings is the product of a complex interaction between genotype and maternal environment.

scholarly journals Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Fusion Protein Subunit F2, Not Attachment Protein G, Determines the Specificity of RSV Infection

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (8) ◽  
pp. 4609-4616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörg Schlender ◽  
Gert Zimmer ◽  
Georg Herrler ◽  
Karl-Klaus Conzelmann
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes ◽  
Human Cells ◽  
Protein G ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Protein Subunit ◽  
Attachment Protein ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Species Specific

ABSTRACT Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) and bovine RSV (BRSV) infect human beings and cattle in a species-specific manner. We have here analyzed the contribution of RSV envelope proteins to species-specific entry into cells. In contrast to permanent cell lines, primary cells of human or bovine origin, including differentiated respiratory epithelia, peripheral blood lymphocytes, and macrophages, showed a pronounced species-specific permissivity for HRSV and BRSV infection, respectively. Recombinant BRSV deletion mutants lacking either the small hydrophobic (SH) protein gene or both SH and the attachment glycoprotein (G) gene retained their specificity for bovine cells, whereas corresponding mutants carrying the HRSV F gene specifically infected human cells. To further narrow the responsible region of F, two reciprocal chimeric F constructs were assembled from BRSV and HRSV F1 and F2 subunits. The specificity of recombinant RSV carrying only the chimeric F proteins strictly correlated with the origin of the membrane-distal F2 domain. A contribution of G to the specificity of entry could be excluded after reintroduction of BRSV or HRSV G. Virus with F1 and G from BRSV and with only F2 from HRSV specifically infected human cells, whereas virus expressing F1 and G from HRSV and F2 from BRSV specifically infected bovine cells. The introduction of G enhanced the infectivities of both chimeric viruses to equal degrees. Thus, the role of the nominal attachment protein G is confined to facilitating infection in a non-species-specific manner, most probably by binding to cell surface glycosaminoglycans. The identification of the F2 subunit as the determinant of RSV host cell specificity facilitates identification of virus receptors and should allow for development of reagents specifically interfering with RSV entry.

scholarly journals Seed size in mountain herbaceous plants changes with elevation in a species-specific manner

PLoS ONE ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. e0199224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pawel Olejniczak ◽  
Marcin Czarnoleski ◽  
Anna Delimat ◽  
Bartosz Marek Majcher ◽  
Kamil Szczepka
Keyword(s):  
Seed Size ◽  
Herbaceous Plants ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
Species Specific

scholarly journals De Novo Accumulation of Tetrodotoxin and Its Analogs in Pufferfish and Newt and Dosage-Driven Accumulation of Toxins in Newt: Tissue Distribution and Anatomical Localization

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1004
Author(s):  
Shigeru Sato ◽  
Rika Kawaura ◽  
Kaito Togashi ◽  
Nanami Mizusawa ◽  
Ko Yasumoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Distribution ◽  
High Performance ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Polyclonal Antibodies ◽  
Mucous Cells ◽  
Animal Tissues ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
Anatomical Localization ◽  
Species Specific

The present study was undertaken to determine the amounts of tetrodotoxin (TTX) and its analogs (TTXs) in various tissues of toxin-bearing pufferfish (Canthigaster revulata and Takifugu flavipterus) and newt (Cynops pyrrhogaster) using specific polyclonal antibodies against TTXs, and to compare the obtained results with those mainly determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD). The anatomical localization of TTXs in these animals was also demonstrated immunohistochemically using the above-mentioned antibody. The ratio of the total amount of TTXs determined by ELISA to that determined by HPLC-FLD changed depending on the tissues examined in pufferfish. Such differences were also observed with the newt in tissue- and individual-dependent manners. Furthermore, TTXs, as well as decarbamoylsaxitoxin (dcSTX), an analog of saxitoxin (STX), were traced for their dynamic changes in tissue distribution, when the newt was fed authentic toxins or toxic animal tissues exogenously, demonstrating that a TTX analog, 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX, and dcSTX were not metabolized into TTX or STX. TTXs-immunoreactive (ir) staining was observed in the pancreas region of the hepatopancreas, the oocytes at the perinucleolus stage, the sac-like tissues just outside the serous membrane of the intestine, and the gland-like structure of the skin, but not in the muscles of pufferfish. TTXs-ir staining was also detected in the mature glands in the dermis of the adult and regenerated tail, but not in the liver, intestine, testis and ovary of the adult newt. TTXs-ir staining was detected in the epithelial cells of the intestine, the ovary, the mucous cells, and the dermis of the TTXs-administered newt. These results suggest that TTXs absorbed from the environment are distributed to various organs or tissues in a species-specific manner, regardless of whether or not these are metabolized in the bodies of toxin-bearing animals.

scholarly journals Tree seedlings suffer oxidative stress but stimulate soil enzyme activity in oil sludge-contaminated soil in a species-specific manner

Trees ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 1267-1279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naser Norouzi Haroni ◽  
Mehrdad Zarafshar ◽  
Ziaedin Badehian ◽  
Anket Sharma ◽  
Martin Karl-Friedrich Bader
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Soil Enzyme ◽  
Soil Enzyme Activity ◽  
Oil Sludge ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
Species Specific
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