scholarly journals In vitro activities of spectinomycin and comparator agents against Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia haemolytica from respiratory tract infections of cattle

2004 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 379-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Schwarz
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Pasteurella Multocida ◽  
Mannheimia Haemolytica ◽  
Tract Infections

scholarly journals In Vitro Activities of Florfenicol against Bovine and Porcine Respiratory Tract Pathogens

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 2703-2705 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saskia Priebe ◽  
Stefan Schwarz
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Pasteurella Multocida ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
In Vitro Activity ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Porcine Respiratory ◽  
Microdilution Broth

ABSTRACT Florfenicol in vitro activities for a total of 756 bacterial isolates from respiratory tract infections of cattle and swine were comparatively investigated by the agar diffusion method and the microdilution broth method. Florfenicol showed high in vitro activity against Pasteurella multocida, Mannheimia haemolytica, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, and Streptococcus suis, with all of the isolates inhibited by ≤2 μg of florfenicol per ml.

scholarly journals RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS IN CATTLE

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-214
Author(s):  
T. I. Stetsko
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Pasteurella Multocida ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Mannheimia Haemolytica ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Histophilus Somni ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

In the article a literature review of Bovine respiratory diseases (BRD) is presented. Respiratory diseases are considered to be one of the most harmful diseases of cattle, which cause great economic damage for the operators of the cattle industry. The BRD complex is a multifactorial and multi-etiological disease. The BRD complex is a multifactorial and multi-etiological disease. The main factors providing the BRD development are the management status of rearing cattle, the impact of the environment and pathogens. Without neglecting the importance of the first two factors, pathogenic microorganisms remain the major etiological factor of BRD. Respiratory tract infections in cattle are caused by viruses and bacteria, moreover the diseases often develop in an associated form. However, the bacterial factor in the etiology of respiratory diseases plays a main role. Mannheimia haemolytica serotype 1 is the main pathogen of BRD, which can cause disease as a single etiologic agent and as in association with other pathogens (Histophilus somni, Mycoplasma bovis). In most cases, fibrinous pneumonia or fatal acute pneumonia is often associated with Mannheimia haemolytica. Pasteurella multocida is considered to be a less virulent bacteria than Mannheimia haemolytica, and for a higher level of infection need to initiate the inflammatory process in the respiratory tract of animals. Pathogenic strains of Pasteurella multocida serogroup A are a significant etiologic factor of severe enzootic pneumonia in dairy calves. Respiratory diseases caused by mycoplasma remain one of the serious infectious diseases of cattle. Mycoplasma bovis is the most invasive and dangerous mycoplasma for young cattle. This type of mycoplasma is usually present in the upper respiratory tract of clinically healthy calves who are bacterial carriers. When the zootechnical conditions of brieding and feeding the calves are disturbed and for other stress factors there is an active proliferation of mycoplasmas and they successfully colonize the lower respiratory tract of the animals, causing an inflammatory process in the lungs. Other commensal bacteria of the upper respiratory tract, Histophilus somni, can cause pneumonia that usually occurs in subacute or chronic form. The pathogenic forms of this bacteria are often isolated together with Mannheimia hemolytica. Other opportunistic bacteria (Arcanobacterium pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Chlamydiales spp., Fusobacterium necrophorum, Corynebacterium bovis) may be etiological factors for the development of BRD. Depending on the etiologic agent, the clinical symptoms of calf bronchopneumonia have some specificity, herewith the degree of lung damage depends on the duration of the disease and the virulence of the pathogen.

Telithromycin: The First of the Ketolides

2002 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 452-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher S Shain ◽  
Guy W Amsden
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Clinical Efficacy ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Safety Issue ◽  
Qtc Interval ◽  
Phagocytic Cells ◽  
Medline Search ◽  
Atypical Pathogens ◽  
Tract Infections

OBJECTIVE: To review the chemistry, spectrum of activity, pharmacology, clinical efficacy, and safety of telithromycin. DATA SOURCES: A MEDLINE search from 1966 to December 2000 was performed via OVID and PubMed using the following search terms: HMR 3647, HMR3647, Ketek, RU 66647, and telithromycin. An extensive review of retrieved literature, abstracts from international scientific conferences, and minutes from regulatory authority meetings was also performed. DATA EXTRACTION: Medicinal chemistry, in vitro, animal, and human trials were reviewed for information on the antimicrobial activity, clinical efficacy, pharmacology, and safety of telithromycin. DATA SYNTHESIS: Several chemical modifications to the macrolide structure have led to the development of telithromycin, the first ketolide antimicrobial that demonstrates improved activity against penicillin- and macrolide/azalide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae due to its unique binding to the ribosomal target site. Although telithromycin may be useful in the treatment of community-acquired respiratory tract infections due to its activity against common typical and atypical pathogens, questions concerning its reliable activity against Haemophilus influenzae need to be addressed. Telithromycin's pharmacokinetics permit once-daily dosing for abbreviated periods and good distribution into lung tissue and phagocytic cells. Clinical and bacteriologic cure rates have been similar to those of comparator agents in human efficacy trials; however, the incidence of adverse gastrointestinal events were generally higher with telithromycin patients. Like other macrolides and many newer fluoroquinolones, telithromycin's ability to prolong the QTc interval is a potential safety issue, especially in elderly patients with predisposing conditions or those who are concurrently receiving drugs that are substrates for CYP2D6 and 3A4. Liver function test elevations demonstrated during clinical trials, although not overtly severe, may warrant monitoring in some patients taking multiple hepatically metabolized/cleared agents. CONCLUSIONS: Telithromycin offers potential advantages over traditional macrolides/azalides for community-acquired respiratory tract infections caused by macrolide-resistant pathogens. Further studies are needed to elucidate its clinical efficacy against H. influenzae, potential drug interactions, and safety in various subpopulations.

scholarly journals In Vitro Activities of Peptide Deformylase Inhibitors against Gram-Positive Pathogens

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 1117-1118 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Wise ◽  
J. M. Andrews ◽  
J. Ashby
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Active Agent ◽  
Peptide Deformylase ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Similar Activity ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanate ◽  
Tract Infections

ABSTRACT The activities of six peptide deformylase (PDF) inhibitors against 107 respiratory tract pathogens were studied and compared to those of ciprofloxacin and amoxicillin-clavulanate. Against Streptococcus pneumoniae, BB-83698 and BB-83815 were the most active PDF inhibitors (MIC at which 90% of the organisms tested were inhibited [MIC90], 0.25 μg/ml). Five of the agents showed similar activity against Moraxella catarrhalis (MIC90, 0.12 μg/ml). All PDF inhibitors were less active against Haemophilus influenzae; BB-3497 was the most active agent (MIC90, 2 μg/ml). Five agents were studied against Chlamydia spp. and showed activity similar to that of ciprofloxacin (MIC, 0.5 to 4 μg/ml). This study demonstrates that PDF inhibitors have the potential to be developed for the treatment of respiratory tract infections.

scholarly journals In Vitro and Murine Efficacy and Toxicity Studies of Nebulized SCC1, a Methylated Caffeine-Silver(I) Complex, for Treatment of Pulmonary Infections

2009 ◽  
Vol 53 (8) ◽  
pp. 3285-3293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn L. Cannon ◽  
Lisa A. Hogue ◽  
Ravy K. Vajravelu ◽  
George H. Capps ◽  
Aida Ibricevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Airway Epithelial Cells ◽  
Clinical Strain ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Infection Model ◽  
Airway Epithelial ◽  
Tract Infections

ABSTRACT The expanding clinical challenge of respiratory tract infections due to resistant bacteria necessitates the development of new forms of therapy. The development of a compound composed of silver coupled to a methylated caffeine carrier (silver carbene complex 1 [SCC1]) that demonstrated in vitro efficacy against bacteria, including drug-resistant organisms, isolated from patients with respiratory tract infections was described previously. The findings of current in vitro studies now suggest that bactericidal concentrations of SCC1 are not toxic to airway epithelial cells in primary culture. Thus, it was hypothesized that SCC1 could be administered by the aerosolized route to concentrate delivery to the lung while minimizing systemic toxicity. In vivo, aerosolized SCC1 delivered to mice resulted in mild aversion behavior, but it was otherwise well tolerated and did not cause lung inflammation following administration over a 5-day period. The therapeutic efficacy of SCC1 compared to that of water was shown in a 3-day prophylaxis protocol, in which mice infected with a clinical strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa had increased survival, decreased amounts of bacteria in the lung, and a lower prevalence of bacteremia. Similarly, by using an airway infection model in which bacteria were impacted in the airways by agarose beads, the administration of SCC1 was significantly superior to water in decreasing the lung bacterial burden and the levels of bacteremia and markers of airway inflammation. These observations indicate that aerosolized SCC1, a novel antimicrobial agent, warrants further study as a potential therapy for bacterial respiratory tract infections.

scholarly journals Expanding clinical phage microbiology: simulating phage inhalation for respiratory tract infections

2021 ◽  
pp. 00367-2021
Author(s):  
Shira Ben Porat ◽  
Daniel Gelman ◽  
Ortal Yerushalmy ◽  
Sivan Alkalay-Oren ◽  
Shunit Coppenhagen-Glazer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Phage Therapy ◽  
Specific Model ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Jet Nebulizer ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Therapy Success

Phage therapy is a promising antibacterial strategy for resistant respiratory tract infections. Phage inhalation may serve this goal; however, it requires a careful assessment of their delivery by this approach. Here we present an in-vitro model to evaluate phage inhalation. Eight phages, most of which target cystic fibrosis (CF)-common pathogens, were aerosolized by jet nebulizer and administered to a real-scale computed tomography (CT)-derived 3D airways model with a breathing simulator. Viable phage loads reaching the output of the nebulizer and the tracheal level of the model were determined and compared to the loaded amount. Phage inhalation resulted in a diverse range of titer reduction, primarily associated with the nebulization process. No correlation was found between phage delivery to the phage physical or genomic dimensions. These findings highlight the need for tailored simulations of phage delivery, ideally by a patient-specific model in addition to proper phage matching, to increase the potential of phage therapy success.

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