scholarly journals Revision of the Highly Specialized Ant Genus Discothyrea (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Afrotropics with X-Ray Microtomography and 3D Cybertaxonomy

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Hita-Garcia ◽  
Ziv Lieberman ◽  
Tracy L Audisio ◽  
Cong Liu ◽  
Evan P Economo
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Junior Synonym ◽  
Micro Ct ◽  
Still Images ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
3D Surface ◽  
Species Complexes ◽  
Key Species ◽  
Surface Models ◽  
Ct Data

Abstract Discothyrea Roger, 1863 is a small genus of proceratiine ants with remarkable morphology and biology. However, due to cryptic lifestyle, Discothyrea are poorly represented in museum collections and their taxonomy has been severely neglected. We perform the first comprehensive revision of Discothyrea in the Afrotropical region through a combination of traditional and three-dimensional (3D) cybertaxonomy based on microtomography (micro-CT). Species diagnostics and morphological character evaluations are based on examinations of all physical specimens and virtual analyses of 3D surface models generated from micro-CT data. Additionally, we applied virtual dissections for detailed examinations of cephalic structures to establish terminology based on homology for the first time in Discothyrea. The complete datasets comprising micro-CT data, 3D surface models and videos, still images of volume renderings, and colored stacked images are available online as cybertype datasets (Hita Garcia et al. 2019, http://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.3qm4183). We define two species complexes (D. oculata and D. traegaordhi complexes) and revise the taxonomy of all species through detailed illustrated diagnostic character plates, a newly developed identification key, species descriptions, and distribution maps. In total, we recognize 20 species; of which, 15 are described as new. We also propose D. hewitti Arnold, 1916 as junior synonym of D. traegaordhi Santschi, 1914 and D. sculptior Santschi, 1913 as junior synonym of D. oculata Emery, 1901. Also, we designate a neotype for D. traegaordhi to stabilize its status and identity, and we designate a lectotype for D. oculata. The observed diversity and endemism are discussed within the context of Afrotropical biogeography and the oophagous lifestyle.

scholarly journals Systematics of the ant genus Proceratium Roger (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Proceratiinae) in China – with descriptions of three new species based on micro-CT enhanced next-generation-morphology

ZooKeys ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 770 ◽  
pp. 137-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Staab ◽  
Francisco Hita Garcia ◽  
Cong Liu ◽  
Zheng-Hui Xu ◽  
Evan P. Economo
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Micro Ct ◽  
Still Images ◽  
3D Surface ◽  
Surface Models ◽  
Scan Data ◽  
Three New Species ◽  
Worker Caste ◽  
Taxonomic System

The genusProceratiumRoger, 1863 contains cryptic, subterranean ants that are seldom sampled and rare in natural history collections. Furthermore, mostProceratiumspecimens are extremely hairy and, due to their enlarged and curved gaster, often mounted suboptimally. As a consequence, the poorly observable physical characteristics of the material and its scarcity result in a rather challenging alpha taxonomy of this group. In this study, the taxonomy of the ChineseProceratiumfauna is reviewed and updated by combining examinations of traditional light microscopy with x-ray microtomography (micro-CT). Based on micro-CT scans of seven out of eight species, virtual 3D surface models were generated that permit in-depth comparative analyses of specimen morphology in order to overcome the difficulties to examine physical material ofProceratium. Eight Chinese species are recognized, of which three are newly described:ProceratiumbruelheideiStaab, Xu & Hita Garcia,sp. n.andP.kepingmaisp. n.belong to theP.itoiclade and have been collected in the subtropical forests of southeast China, whereasP.shoheisp. n.belongs to theP.stictumclade and it is only known from a tropical forest of Yunnan Province.ProceratiumnujiangenseXu, 2006syn. n.is proposed as a junior synonym ofP.zhaoiXu, 2000. These taxonomic acts raise the number of known ChineseProceratiumspecies to eight. In order to integrate the new species into the existing taxonomic system and to facilitate identifications, an illustrated key to the worker caste of all Chinese species is provided, supplemented by species accounts with high-resolution montage images and still images of volume renderings of 3D models based on micro-CT. Moreover, cybertype datasets are provided for the new species, as well as digital datasets for the remaining species that include the raw micro-CT scan data, 3D surface models, 3D rotation videos, and all light photography and micro-CT still images. These datasets are available online (Dryad, Staab et al. 2018, http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h6j0g4p).

scholarly journals Micro-CT data of early physiological cancellous bone formation in the lumbar spine of female C57BL/6 mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Zenzes ◽  
Paul Zaslansky
Keyword(s):  
Cancellous Bone ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Bone Growth ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Lumbar Vertebra ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Micro Ct ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Ct Data

AbstractMicro-CT provides critical data for musculoskeletal research, yielding three-dimensional datasets containing distributions of mineral density. Using high-resolution scans, we quantified changes in the fine architecture of bone in the spine of young mice. This data is made available as a reference to physiological cancellous bone growth. The scans (n = 19) depict the extensive structural changes typical for female C57BL/6 mice pups, aged 1-, 3-, 7-, 10- and 14-days post-partum, as they attain the mature geometry. We reveal the micro-morphology down to individual trabeculae in the spine that follow phases of mineral-tissue rearrangement in the growing lumbar vertebra on a micrometer length scale. Phantom data is provided to facilitate mineral density calibration. Conventional histomorphometry matched with our micro-CT data on selected samples confirms the validity and accuracy of our 3D scans. The data may thus serve as a reference for modeling normal bone growth and can be used to benchmark other experiments assessing the effects of biomaterials, tissue growth, healing, and regeneration.

Dealing with 3D Surface Models

2010 ◽  
pp. 73-81
Author(s):  
Mahbubur R. Meenar ◽  
John A. Sorrentino
Keyword(s):  
Input Data ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
Finite Sample ◽  
3D Surface ◽  
Information Models ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Surface Models ◽  
Data Points ◽  
Benefits And Costs

Three-dimensional surface modeling has become an important element in the processing and visualization of geographic information. Models are created from a finite sample of data points over the relevant area. The techniques used for these activities can be broadly divided into raster-based interpolation methods and vector-based triangulation methods. This chapter contains a discussion of the benefits and costs of each set of methods. The functions available using 3D surface models include elevation, queries, contours, slope and aspect, hillshade, and viewshed. Applications include modeling elevation, pollution concentration and run-off and erosion potential. The chapter ends with a brief discussion of future trends, and concludes that the choice among the methods depends on the nature of the input data and the goals of the analyst.

A review of the taxonomy and osteology of the Rhombophryne serratopalpebrosa species group (Anura: Microhylidae) from Madagascar, with comments on the value of volume rendering of micro-CT data to taxonomists

Zootaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4273 (3) ◽  
pp. 301 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARK D. SCHERZ ◽  
OLIVER HAWLITSCHEK ◽  
FRANCO ANDREONE ◽  
ANDOLALAO RAKOTOARISON ◽  
MIGUEL VENCES ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Volume Rendering ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Pairwise Distance ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Micro Ct ◽  
Surface Rendering ◽  
Surface Models ◽  
Ct Data ◽  
Group Relationships

Over the last three years, three new species of saw-browed diamond frogs (Rhombophryne serratopalpebrosa species group)—a clade of cophyline microhylid frogs native to northern and eastern Madagascar—have been described. We here review the taxonomy of these frogs based on a new multi-gene phylogeny of the group, which confirms its monophyly but is insufficiently resolved to clarify most intra-group relationships. We confirm Rhombophryne guentherpetersi (Guibé, 1974) to be a member of this group, and we re-describe it based on its type series and newly collected material; the species is characterised by small superciliary spines (overlooked in its original description), as well as large tibial glands and an unusually laterally compressed pectoral girdle. We go on to describe two new species of this group from northern Madagascar: both R. diadema sp. nov. from the Sorata Massif and R. regalis sp. nov. from several sites in the northeast of the island possess three superciliary spines, but they are characterised by several subtle morphological and osteological differences. The new species are separated from all known congeners by an uncorrected pairwise distance of at least 5.1% in a ca. 550 bp fragment of the 16S rRNA gene. In order to highlight the significance of the skeleton in the taxonomy of this group, we provide a detailed description of its generalized osteology based on volume-rendered micro-CT scans of all described members, revisiting already-described skeletons of some species, and describing the skeletons of R. guentherpetersi, R. coronata, and the new taxa for the first time. Use of volume rendering, instead of surface rendering of micro-CT data, resulted in some discrepancies due to the properties of each method. We discuss these inconsistencies and their bearing on the relative value of surface and volume rendering in the taxonomist’s toolkit. We argue that, while surface models are more practical for the reader, volumes are generally a more objective representation of the data. Thus, taxonomic description work should be based on volume rendering when possible, with surface models presented as an aid to the reader. 

Computer Graphics Modeling of Anatomy: From 2D Data Acquisition to 3D Sculpting

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Alciatore
Keyword(s):  
Computer Graphics ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Polygonal Mesh ◽  
3D Surface ◽  
Surface Models ◽  
2D Data ◽  
Human Thorax ◽  
Key Steps

Abstract This paper describes a process which is used to generate three-dimensional computer graphics surface models of gross anatomical structures. Key steps in the generation of these models include acquiring 2D cross-sectional data from macrocryotome slicing, generating 2D cross section contours from edge detection and region segmentation, generating a polygonal mesh surface model by triangulating between the 2D contours, and interactive sculpting of the 3D surface for editing and changing the appearance of the model. The algorithms and development involved with these steps are briefly described here and several images resulting from the process are presented. The main purpose of the paper is not to present the details of implementation of the various algorithms, but rather to present the overall methodology and illustrate the results. Implementation details can be found in other papers referenced here. The most recent results of our efforts, which are presented here, are 3D surface models of the complete human thorax. These models have numerous applications in anatomy and biomechanics visualization and teaching.

scholarly journals 3D-printed saw guides for lower arm osteotomy, a comparison between a synthetic CT and CT-based workflow

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Koen Willemsen ◽  
Mirte H. M. Ketel ◽  
Frank Zijlstra ◽  
Mateusz C. Florkow ◽  
Ruurd J. A. Kuiper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
Image Resolution ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Micro Ct ◽  
Generative Adversarial Network ◽  
Surface Models ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Synthetic Ct

Abstract Background Three-dimensional (3D)-printed saw guides are frequently used to optimize osteotomy results and are usually designed based on computed tomography (CT), despite the radiation burden, as radiation-less alternatives like magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have inferior bone visualization capabilities. This study investigated the usability of MR-based synthetic-CT (sCT), a novel radiation-less bone visualization technique for 3D planning and design of patient-specific saw guides. Methods Eight human cadaveric lower arms (mean age: 78y) received MRI and CT scans as well as high-resolution micro-CT. From the MRI scans, sCT were generated using a conditional generative adversarial network. Digital 3D bone surface models based on the sCT and general CT were compared to the surface model from the micro-CT that was used as ground truth for image resolution. From both the sCT and CT digital bone models saw guides were designed and 3D-printed in nylon for one proximal and one distal bone position for each radius and ulna. Six blinded observers placed these saw guides as accurately as possible on dissected bones. The position of each guide was assessed by optical 3D-scanning of each bone with positioned saw guide and compared to the preplanning. Eight placement errors were evaluated: three translational errors (along each axis), three rotational errors (around each axis), a total translation (∆T) and a total rotation error (∆R). Results Surface models derived from micro-CT were on average smaller than sCT and CT-based models with average differences of 0.27 ± 0.30 mm for sCT and 0.24 ± 0.12 mm for CT. No statistically significant positioning differences on the bones were found between sCT- and CT-based saw guides for any axis specific translational or rotational errors nor between the ∆T (p = .284) and ∆R (p = .216). On Bland-Altman plots, the ∆T and ∆R limits of agreement (LoA) were within the inter-observer variability LoA. Conclusions This research showed a similar error for sCT and CT digital surface models when comparing to ground truth micro-CT models. Additionally, the saw guide study showed equivalent CT- and sCT-based saw guide placement errors. Therefore, MRI-based synthetic CT is a promising radiation-less alternative to CT for the creation of patient-specific osteotomy surgical saw guides.

scholarly journals Stress distribution on dentin-cement-post interface varying root canal and glass fiber post diameters. A three-dimensional finite element analysis based on micro-CT data

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 511-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priscilla Cardoso LAZARI ◽  
Rodrigo Caldeira Nunes de OLIVEIRA ◽  
Rodolfo Bruniera ANCHIETA ◽  
Erika Oliveira de ALMEIDA ◽  
Amilcar Chagas FREITAS JUNIOR ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Micro Ct ◽  
Fiber Post ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Dimensional Finite Element ◽  
Glass Fiber Post ◽  
Ct Data ◽  
Three Dimensional Finite Element

Data-Constrained Microstructure Characterization with Multispectrum X-Ray Micro-CT

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 524-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheridan C. Mayo ◽  
Andrew M. Tulloh ◽  
Adrian Trinchi ◽  
Sam Y.S. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Reasonable Agreement ◽  
Input Data ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Compositional Analysis ◽  
Sample Surface ◽  
Micro Ct ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Modeling Methodology ◽  
Ct Data

AbstractConventional X-ray microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) is not usually sufficient to determine microscopic compositional distributions as it is limited to measuring the X-ray attenuation of the sample, which for a given dataset can be similar for materials of different composition. In contrast, the present work enables three-dimensional compositional analysis with a data-constrained microstructure (DCM) modeling methodology, which uses two or more CT datasets acquired with different X-ray spectra and incorporates them as model constraints. For providing input data for DCM, we have also developed a method of micro-CT data collection that enables two datasets with different X-ray spectra to be acquired in parallel. Such data are used together with the DCM methodology to predict the distributions of corrosion inhibitor and filler in a polymer matrix. The DCM-predicted compositional microstructures have a reasonable agreement with energy dispersive X-ray images taken on the sample surface.

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