scholarly journals Monogamy in a moment: how do brief social interactions change over time in pair-bonded zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata)?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nora H Prior ◽  
Edward Smith ◽  
Robert J Dooling ◽  
Gregory F Ball
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Zebra Finches ◽  
Pair Bonding ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Movement Rates ◽  
Behavioral Coordination

Abstract Research on monogamy has largely focused on marked behaviors that are unique to pair bonded partners. However, these marked behaviors represent only a subset of the pair-directed behaviors that partners engage in; the influence of pair bonding on mundane or subtle social interactions among partners remains largely unknown. In the current study, we describe the changes that occur during brief social reunions (or greets) over the course of pair bonding in zebra finches. We quantified pair-directed behavior during five-minute reunions from three stages of pair bonding: initial pairing (between 4-72 hours), early pairing (1-2 weeks) and late pairing (>1 month). These social interactions were operationalized in multiple ways. First, we quantified the overall activity levels (call and movement rates) for both the male and female. Overall, females were more active than males, but for both males and females calling activity was highest at initial pairing. We quantified behavioral coordination between partners in two ways, 1) similarity in call and movement rates between partners, and 2) temporal synchrony of calls and movements between partners (via sliding correlation coefficients of time-stamped calls and movements). Overall there were no effects of pairing stage on behavioral coordination. Finally, we used principal component analyses to disentangle behavioral coordination from the activity levels of the male and female. These results contribute to a growing line of evidence that male and female zebra finches differentially contribute to social dynamics and highlight the influence of pair bonding on the development of social dynamics. Furthermore, our preliminary analyses raise the hypothesis that the behavioral coordination during the earliest phases of pairing is modulated by the extent and nature of prior experience. Overall, while behavioral coordination is clearly important for many salient interactions such as duetting, courtship displays and biparental care, the significance of mundane social interactions for monogamous partnerships remains largely unknown.

scholarly journals Monogamy in a moment: how do brief social interactions change over time in pair-bonded zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata)?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nora H. Prior ◽  
Edward Smith ◽  
Robert J. Dooling ◽  
Gregory F. Ball
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Zebra Finches ◽  
Pair Bonding ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Movement Rates ◽  
Behavioral Coordination

AbstractResearch on monogamy has largely focused on marked behaviors that are unique to pair bonded partners. However, these marked behaviors represent only a subset of the pair-directed behaviors that partners engage in; the influence of pair bonding on mundane or subtle social interactions among partners remains largely unknown. In the current study, we describe the changes that occur during brief social reunions (or greets) over the course of pair bonding in zebra finches. We quantified pair-directed behavior during five-minute reunions from three stages of pair bonding: initial pairing (between 4-72 hrs), early pairing (1-2 weeks) and late pairing (>1 month). These social interactions were operationalized in multiples ways. First, we quantified the overall activity levels (call and movement rates) for both the male and female. Overall, females were more active than males, but for both males and females calling activity was highest during the initial timepoint (between 4-72 hrs post-pairing). We quantified behavioral coordination between partners in two ways, 1) similarity in call and movement rates between partners, and 2) temporal synchrony between calls and movements (via sliding correlation coefficients of time-stamped calls and movements). Overall there were no effects of pairing on behavioral coordination. Finally, we used principal component analyses to disentangle behavioral coordination from the activity levels of the male and female. These results contribute to a growing line of evidence that male and female zebra finches differentially contribute to social dynamics and highlight the influence of pair bonding on the development of social dynamics. Behavioral coordination is clearly important for marked interactions (e.g. duetting, courtship displays and biparental care). Our results raise the question of what the roles of such mundane social interactions are in monogamous partnerships.

Spearman's Law of Diminishing Returns

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 199-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Hartmann
Keyword(s):  
Principal Axis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Longitudinal Survey ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Diminishing Returns ◽  
The One ◽  
Armed Services ◽  
Principal Axis Factor

Spearman's Law of Diminishing Returns (SLODR) with regard to age was tested in two different databases from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The first database consisted of 6,980 boys and girls aged 12–16 from the 1997 cohort ( NLSY 1997 ). The subjects were tested with a computer-administered adaptive format (CAT) of the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) consisting of 12 subtests. The second database consisted of 11,448 male and female subjects aged 15–24 from the 1979 cohort ( NLSY 1979 ). These subjects were tested with the older 10-subtest version of the ASVAB. The hypothesis was tested by dividing the sample into Young and Old age groups while keeping IQ fairly constant by a method similar to the one developed and employed by Deary et al. (1996) . The different age groups were subsequently factor-analyzed separately. The eigenvalue of the first principal component (PC1) and the first principal axis factor (PAF1), and the average intercorrelation of the subtests were used as estimates of the g saturation and compared across groups. There were no significant differences in the g saturation across age groups for any of the two samples, thereby pointing to no support for this aspect of Spearman's “Law of Diminishing Returns.”

Chemometric Analysis for the Classification of some Groups of Drugs with Divergent Pharmacological Activity on the Basis of some Chromatographic and Molecular Modeling Parameters

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-137
Author(s):  
Jolanta Stasiak ◽  
Marcin Koba ◽  
Marcin Gackowski ◽  
Tomasz Baczek
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Pharmacological Activity ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Cardiovascular Drugs ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Analgesic Drugs ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Chromatographic Parameters

Aim and Objective: In this study, chemometric methods as correlation analysis, cluster analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA), and factor analysis (FA) have been used to reduce the number of chromatographic parameters (logk/logkw) and various (e.g., 0D, 1D, 2D, 3D) structural descriptors for three different groups of drugs, such as 12 analgesic drugs, 11 cardiovascular drugs and 36 “other” compounds and especially to choose the most important data of them. Material and Methods: All chemometric analyses have been carried out, graphically presented and also discussed for each group of drugs. At first, compounds’ structural and chromatographic parameters were correlated. The best results of correlation analysis were as follows: correlation coefficients like R = 0.93, R = 0.88, R = 0.91 for cardiac medications, analgesic drugs, and 36 “other” compounds, respectively. Next, part of molecular and HPLC experimental data from each group of drugs were submitted to FA/PCA and CA techniques. Results: Almost all results obtained by FA or PCA, and total data variance, from all analyzed parameters (experimental and calculated) were explained by first two/three factors: 84.28%, 76.38 %, 69.71% for cardiovascular drugs, for analgesic drugs and for 36 “other” compounds, respectively. Compounds clustering by CA method had similar characteristic as those obtained by FA/PCA. In our paper, statistical classification of mentioned drugs performed has been widely characterized and discussed in case of their molecular structure and pharmacological activity. Conclusion: Proposed QSAR strategy of reduced number of parameters could be useful starting point for further statistical analysis as well as support for designing new drugs and predicting their possible activity.

scholarly journals Possibility of Human Gender Recognition Using Raman Spectra of Teeth

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (13) ◽  
pp. 3983
Author(s):  
Ozren Gamulin ◽  
Marko Škrabić ◽  
Kristina Serec ◽  
Matej Par ◽  
Marija Baković ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectra ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Gender Recognition ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Tooth Type ◽  
Tooth Apex ◽  
The Difference

Gender determination of the human remains can be very challenging, especially in the case of incomplete ones. Herein, we report a proof-of-concept experiment where the possibility of gender recognition using Raman spectroscopy of teeth is investigated. Raman spectra were recorded from male and female molars and premolars on two distinct sites, tooth apex and anatomical neck. Recorded spectra were sorted into suitable datasets and initially analyzed with principal component analysis, which showed a distinction between spectra of male and female teeth. Then, reduced datasets with scores of the first 20 principal components were formed and two classification algorithms, support vector machine and artificial neural networks, were applied to form classification models for gender recognition. The obtained results showed that gender recognition with Raman spectra of teeth is possible but strongly depends both on the tooth type and spectrum recording site. The difference in classification accuracy between different tooth types and recording sites are discussed in terms of the molecular structure difference caused by the influence of masticatory loading or gender-dependent life events.

scholarly journals Seed Set Patterns in East African Highland Cooking Bananas Are Dependent on Weather before, during and after Pollination

Horticulturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 165
Author(s):  
Allan Waniale ◽  
Rony Swennen ◽  
Settumba B. Mukasa ◽  
Arthur K. Tugume ◽  
Jerome Kubiriba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Critical Period ◽  
Floral Development ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Fruit Pulp ◽  
East African ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Wild Banana

Seed set in banana is influenced by weather, yet the key weather attributes and the critical period of influence are unknown. We therefore investigated the influence of weather during floral development for a better perspective of seed set increase. Three East African highland cooking bananas (EAHBs) were pollinated with pollen fertile wild banana ‘Calcutta 4′. At full maturity, bunches were harvested, ripened, and seeds extracted from fruit pulp. Pearson’s correlation analysis was then conducted between seed set per 100 fruits per bunch and weather attributes at 15-day intervals from 105 days before pollination (DBP) to 120 days after pollination (DAP). Seed set was positively correlated with average temperature (P < 0.05–P < 0.001, r = 0.196–0.487) and negatively correlated with relative humidity (RH) (P < 0.05–P < 0.001, r = −0.158–−0.438) between 75 DBP and the time of pollination. After pollination, average temperature was negatively correlated with seed set in ‘Mshale’ and ‘Nshonowa’ from 45 to 120 DAP (P < 0.05–P < 0.001, r = −0.213–−0.340). Correlation coefficients were highest at 15 DBP for ‘Mshale’ and ‘Nshonowa’, whereas for ‘Enzirabahima’, the highest were at the time of pollination. Maximum temperature as revealed by principal component analysis at the time of pollination should be the main focus for seed set increase.

Correlating Variations in the Dynamic Resistance Signature to Weld Strength in Resistance Spot Welding Using Principal Component Analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 139 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Adams ◽  
Cameron D. E. Summerville ◽  
Brendan M. Voss ◽  
Jack Jeswiet ◽  
Matthew C. Doolan
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Quality Control ◽  
Spot Welding ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Weld Strength ◽  
Dynamic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Spot ◽  
Resistance Spot Welds ◽  
Key Features

Traditional quality control of resistance spot welds by analysis of the dynamic resistance signature (DRS) relies on manual feature selection to reduce the dimensionality prior to analysis. Manually selected features of the DRS may contain information that is not directly correlated to strength, reducing the accuracy of any classification performed. In this paper, correlations between the DRS and weld strength are automatically detected by calculating correlation coefficients between weld strength and principal components of the DRS. The key features of the DRS that correlate to weld strength are identified in a systematic manner. Systematically identifying relevant features of the DRS is useful as the correlations between weld strength and DRS may vary with process parameters.

Effects of male and female personality on sexual cannibalism in the Springbok mantis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pietro Pollo ◽  
Nathan W Burke ◽  
Gregory I Holwell
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Male Mating ◽  
Sexual Cannibalism ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Young Females ◽  
Behavioural Syndromes ◽  
Male Activity ◽  
Spillover Hypothesis

Behaviours that are consistent across contexts (also known as behavioural syndromes) can have evolutionary implications, but their role in scenarios where the sexes conflict, such as sexual cannibalism, is poorly understood. The aggressive spillover hypothesis proposes that cannibalistic attacks during adulthood may depend on female aggressiveness during earlier developmental stages, but evidence for this hypothesis is scarce. Male activity may also influence sexual cannibalism if males approach females quickly and carelessly, yet this has not been explored. Here we use the Springbok mantis, Miomantis caffra, to explore whether male activity levels and female aggressiveness can explain high rates of sexual cannibalism prior to copulation. We show that male and female personality traits affect male mating decisions, but not sexual cannibalism. Females that were aggressive as juveniles were not more likely to cannibalize males when adult, but these females were approached by males more frequently. More active males were more likely to approach females, but they were neither faster at doing so nor were they more likely to be cannibalized. We also found that size and age influenced mating decisions of both sexes: young females were more like to cannibalize males while young and large males took longer to approach females. Taken together, our results suggest that several traits, including personality, play a role in sexual encounters in M. caffra. Our study further highlights the importance of examining the traits of both sexes when assessing mating dynamics, especially in the context of sexual cannibalism.

scholarly journals The PUFFinCA scale: development of an instrument for evaluating the primary care functions of family physicians in childhood asthma

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayşe Nur Usturali Mut ◽  
Zeliha Aslı Öcek ◽  
Meltem Çiçeklioğlu ◽  
Şafak Taner ◽  
Esen Demir
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Childhood Asthma ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Asthma Management ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Family Physicians ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Care Assessment ◽  
Provision Of Services ◽  
Children With Asthma

AbstractAimTo develop the Primary care fUnctions oF Family physicians in Childhood Asthma (PUFFinCA) scale for evaluating the cardinal process functions of primary care services (accessibility, comprehensiveness, continuity and coordination) provided by family physicians (FPs) in the management of childhood asthma.BackgroundIn the literature on the functions of primary care, there is no assessment tool focusing on children with asthma. Primary care assessment scales adapted to various languages are not suitable to adequately address the needs of special patient groups, such as children with asthma.MethodsIn this methodological study, the instrument development process was completed in four stages: establishing the pool of items, evaluating the content validity, applying the scale and statistical analysis. The scale was applied to 320 children who had asthma and received care in the clinic of the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Pulmonology at Ege University School of Medicine, Turkey. The Cronbach’s α and Spearman–Brown coefficient were calculated to determine the reliability of the scale. Principal component analysis was used to determine the construct validity of the scale.FindingsThe PUFFinCA scale was found to have four-factor structure and 25 items. Cronbach’s α coefficient was 0.93. It has been determined that the reliability was excellent and the item-total correlation coefficients were >0.30 each. The factors were titled FP’s ‘functions of accessibility, first contact and continuity’, ‘functions of coordination and comprehensiveness of health services related to asthma management’, ‘provision of preventive care related to asthma’ and ‘provision of services for paid vaccinations’.

Classification and Prediction of Goldfish Population and Water Quality Using a Potentiometric E-Tongue

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 1037-1044
Author(s):  
Zhenbo Wei ◽  
Yu Zhao ◽  
Jun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Back Propagation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Water Quality Parameters ◽  
Pattern Recognition Methods

Abstract. In this study, a potentiometric E-tongue was employed for comprehensive evaluation of water quality and goldfish population with the help of pattern recognition methods. Four water quality parameters, i.e., pH and concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrite (NO2-N), and ammonium (NH3-N), were tested by conventional analysis methods. The differences in water quality parameters between samples were revealed by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The cultivation days and goldfish population were classified well by principal component analysis (PCA) and canonical discriminant analysis (CDA), and the distribution of each sample was clearer in CDA score plots than in PCA score plots. The cultivation days, goldfish population, and water parameters were predicted by a T-S fuzzy neural network (TSFNN) and back-propagation artificial neural network (BPANN). BPANN performed better than TSFNN in the prediction, and all fitting correlation coefficients were &gt;0.90. The results indicated that the potentiometric E-tongue coupled with pattern recognition methods could be applied as a rapid method for the determination and evaluation of water quality and goldfish population. Keywords: Classify, E-tongue, Goldfish water, Prediction.

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